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Lesson Overview

Lesson Overview. 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity. Bell Ringer: Start a new section of your IAN and copy this flow chart into your IAN, left side. . Chapter 18: Classification . Biology Ms. Nguyen . I. Why Classify?. A. What are the goals of systematics?.

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Lesson Overview

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  1. Lesson Overview 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

  2. Bell Ringer: Start a new section of your IAN and copy this flow chart into your IAN, left side.

  3. Chapter 18: Classification Biology Ms. Nguyen

  4. I. Why Classify? • A. What are the goals of systematics? • 1.The goal of systematics is to organize things into groups

  5. 2. In Biology, systematics = to classify living things. • BUT… we need scientific names because Common names are misleading

  6. 3. In the 18th century, European scientists agreed to assign Latin or Greek names to each species. 4. Difficult to standardize names because different scientists focused on different characteristics

  7. B. Carolus Linnaeus • 1.In the 1730s, Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus > Binomial Nomenclature

  8. 1. Written in Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man • C. Binomial Nomenclature Rules:

  9. Binomial Nomenclature Example • 1. The polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. • The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. • In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.

  10. Binomial Nomenclature Example • 2. The scientific name of the red maple is Acer rubrum. • The genus Acer consists of all maple trees. • The species rubrum describes the red maple’s color.

  11. Which of the following is correct according to Carolus Linnaeus’ rules? • A. equus caballus • B. Equus Caballus • C. Equus cabalus • D. equus Caballus

  12. II. Classifying Species into Larger Groups • A. New technologies and discoveries 1.Biologists try to organize, or classify, living and fossil species into larger groups that have biological meaning. 2.Biologists often refer to these groups as taxa (singular: taxon).

  13. B. Larger taxa • Over time, Linnaeus’s original classification system would expand to include seven hierarchical taxa:

  14. King Philip Came Over For Good Soup • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  15. Largest-Smallest Smallest- largest from bottom

  16. III. Linnaean’s 7 Levels of Classification • Kingdom- the largest group of classification. • Phylum- a group of closely related class. • Class-a group of closely related orders. • Order- a group of closely related families. • Family- a group of closely related genera. • Genus- a group of closely related species; first part of binomial nomenclature. • Species-a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The second part of binomial nomenclature.

  17. Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy • Which of the following contains all of the others? • Family c. Class • Species d. Order • Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: • Family c. Order • Genus d. Species Kingdom Least specific Phylum Class Order Family Genus Most specific Species Go to Section:

  18. IV. Problems With Linnaeus’ Classification • A. Looks can be deceiving • B. Modern Classification • Linneaus’ classification grouped organisms based on similarities and differences in looks. • Ex. Would a dolphin be a fish or a mammal? • 1. Today grouping is based on evolutionary relationships.

  19. 2. Darwin’s ideas about descent with modificationevolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  20. 3. Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: Felis Genus: Canis

  21. 4. Scientists use similarities and differences in DNAto determine classification and evolutionary relationships. • They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

  22. Lesson Overview 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

  23. Bell Ringer • What is the relationship between an earthworm, trout. lizard and human? .

  24. V. Classification of Common Ancestors • A. Phylogenetic • 1. All taxa whose members are more closely related to one another than they are to members of any other group. • 2. Mainly determine by DNA or Anatomy of derived characteristics.

  25. B.Clade • 1. Common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor—living and extinct. • Monophyletic- Only species that are descended from a common ancestor

  26. C. Cladogram • Diagram of clades are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

  27. Example of a cladogramof evolutionary relationships among vertebrates.

  28. 2. Derived character is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants. • Examples of Derived Characters

  29. 3. Reading Cladograms • Example of a cladogram of the phylogeny of the cat family.

  30. Clades and Traditional Taxonomic Groups

  31. Lesson Overview 18.3 Building the Tree of Life

  32. THINK ABOUT IT • Name Linnaeus’s seven classification hierarchy from largest to smallest. • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6. • 7. • But wait there’s one more…!!! “ Domain”

  33. VI. Changes in classification hierarchy • This diagram shows some of the ways in which organisms have been classified into kingdoms since the 1700s.

  34. 3 Domains added on top of 6 kingdoms

  35. A. Domain Bacteria • 1. unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Eubacteria. • 2. Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane and contain a substance known as peptidoglycan. • 3. Can live anywhere

  36. B. Domain Archaea • 1. Unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Archaebacteria • 2. cell membranes contain unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism • 3. live in some extreme environments—in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud totally devoid of oxygen. • .

  37. C. Domain Eukarya. • All organisms that have a nucleus. • Holds: • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  38. Classification of Living Things The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Eubacteria Archae- bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  39. Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are removed. Each level is more specific. ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

  40. Kingdom Archaebacteria Go to Section:

  41. Kingdom Eubacteria E. coli Streptococcus Go to Section:

  42. Kingdom Protista Paramecium Green algae The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom Amoeba Go to Section:

  43. Kingdom Fungi Mildew on Leaf Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS Mushroom Go to Section:

  44. Kingdom Plantae Ferns : seedless vascular Douglas fir: seeds in cones Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Mosses growing on trees Go to Section:

  45. Kingdom Animalia Bumble bee Jellyfish Sage grouse Hydra Poison dart frog Sponge Go to Section:

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