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A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e. 2. Objectives. Learn about the various operating systems and the differences between themLearn how an OS interfaces with users, files and folders, applications, and hardwareLearn about a few OS tools you can use to examine and maintain a system. A
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1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 2
Introducing Operating Systems
2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 2 Objectives Learn about the various operating systems and the differences between them
Learn how an OS interfaces with users, files and folders, applications, and hardware
Learn about a few OS tools you can use to examine and maintain a system
3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 3 Introduction A computer comprises hardware and software
Physical devices are the visible component
The controlling software component is not visible
Computer technicians need to master both parts
Chapter 1 provided an overview of hardware devices
Chapter 2 introduces critical system software
4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 4 Operating Systems Past and Present What an operating system (OS) does:
Manages hardware
Runs applications
Provides an interface for users
Retrieves and manipulates files
The OS can be analogized to a “middleman”
A computer needs only one operating system
Operating systems have evolved to a complex form
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6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 6 DOS (Disk Operating System) The first OS used by IBM computers/compatibles
Where DOS can still be found:
Specialized systems using older applications
On troubleshooting disks or CDs
Windows 3.x and DOS
Windows 3.x provided a graphical interface
Underlying OS functions were performed by DOS
Windows 9x/Me uses DOS in the underlying OS
Windows XP/2000 run DOS emulation programs
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8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 8 Windows 9x/Me Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me
Combine a DOS core with graphical user interface
Designed to bridge legacy and newer technologies
Backward-compatible with older systems
Able to accommodate new technologies
Cautionary note on minimum requirements
May differ for upgrades and new installations
May differ for installation and run-time operation
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10. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 10 Windows NT Two versions of Windows NT (New Technology):
Windows NT Workstation for desktops
Windows NT Server to control a network
Best known feature: new OS core replacing DOS
Avoid installing Windows NT
Windows NT introduced many new problems
Problems only solved in later versions of Windows
11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 11 Windows 2000 Upgrades Windows NT (both desktop and server)
Improvements over Windows NT:
A more stable environment
Support for Plug and Play
Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active Directory
Better network support
Features specifically targeting notebook computers
OS includes only qualified hardware and software
Windows 2000 is being phased out
12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 12 Windows XP Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000
Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional
Noteworthy new features:
Allows two users to logon and open applications
Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media Player
Adds advanced security, such as Windows Firewall
Hardware requirements
64 MB RAM (128 MB recommended)
1.5 GB free hard drive space (2 GB recommended)
233-MHz CPU speed (300-MHz recommended)
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14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 14 Windows Vista Next generation of Windows operating systems
Code-named Longhorn
Noteworthy new features:
New graphical interface
Revamped engine
A new interface between it and applications
Scheduled release dates:
November 2006 for business editions
January 2007 for consumer editions
15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 15 Windows Server 2003 Refers to a suite of Microsoft operating systems:
Windows Small Business Server 2003
Storage Server 2003
Server 2003 Web Edition
Server 2003 Standard Edition
Server 2003 Enterprise Edition
Server 2003 Datacenter Edition
Not designed for use in a PC
Not covered in this text
16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 16 UNIX Comprises a class of operating systems
UNIX versions referred to as flavors or distributions
Chief uses:
Controlling networks
Supporting Internet-based applications
17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 17 Linux Variation on UNIX created by Linus Torvalds
OS kernel and source code are freely distributed
Popular distributions:
SuSE (www.novell.com/linux/suse)
RedHat (www.redhat.com)
TurboLinux (www.turbolinux.com)
Used as both a server and a desktop
X Windows: GUI shells for UNIX and Linux
18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 18 OS/2 Jointly developed by IBM and Microsoft
Chiefly used in certain types of networks
Part of OS/2 was incorporated into Windows NT
OS/2 is not covered in this book
19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 19 Mac OS First introduced in 1984 with Macintosh computers
Current version: Mac OS X (ten)
Mac OS X can work on some Intel-based computers
Markets: education, desktop publishing, graphics
Noteworthy features:
Support for graphics and multimedia capabilities
Use of the Finder program to provide the desktop
Superior Plug and Play capabilities
Excellent support for multitasking
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21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 21 What an Operating System Does Four functions common to all operating systems:
Providing a user interface
Managing files
Managing applications
Managing hardware
All OSs also have similar core components
22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 22 Operating System Components Components common to all OSs: shell and kernel
The shell exposes functions to users and applications
Example 1: enables user to select a CD
Example 2: enables application to print a document
The kernel (core) interacts with hardware devices
Example: passes a print request to a printer device
Registry database and initialization files
Used to store configuration information in Windows
23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 23
24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 24 An OS Provides a User Interface Sequence of events occurring after PC is turned on
The operating system is loaded
Running OS provides an interface (desktop)
OS awaits an event, such as a double-click
A user can initiate an event in several ways:
Click a menu item
Enter a command in Run dialog or command console
Double-click an icon
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26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 26
27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 27 An OS Manages Files and Folders File system: organizes files and folders
File systems used by Windows for hard drives:
File Allocation Table (FAT): tracks disk space usage
New Technology File System (NTFS): replacing FAT
Organization of a hard drive or floppy disk
Platter contains concentric tracks
Track contains 512 byte sectors
Cluster contains one or more sectors
Cluster is the smallest unit on disk for storing a file
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29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 29 Files and Directories File system hierarchy:
Directories (called folders in Windows)
Subdirectories (child directories)
Files
Directories can contain subdirectories and files
Directory table: lists subdirectories and files
Root directory: directory for a logical drive; e.g., C:\
Path: drive, directories, filename, and file extension
Example: C:\wp\data\myfile.txt points to “myfile”
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31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 31 Partitions and Logical Drives on a Hard Drive Hard drives are organized into partitions
Two types of partitions
Primary: can only have one logical drive; e.g., C:\
Extended: can have one or more logical drives
Logical drive (sometimes called a volume)
Formatted using a file system
Has a root directory and subdirectories
Disk Management tool
Used to create/view partitions, format logical drives
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33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 33 An OS Manages Applications The OS installs and runs all other PC software
Application: software providing services for users
Applications rely on the OS for support operations
Example: MS word relies on OS to manage memory
Applications are typically tailored to a single OS
Ensure that OS is suitable for a given application
34. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 34 Installing Application Software Sources of application software:
Internet, CDs, DVDs, or floppy disks
Installation program is provided by application
Tasks performed by installation program:
Folders are created on the hard drive
Files are copied to the folders
For Windows, entries are made in Windows registry
Icons are usually placed on desktop
For Windows, entries are added to the Start menu
35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 35 Launching Application Software Using the Windows Desktop An application has to be started before use
You run, load, launch, or execute the application
Four ways to run software:
Use a shortcut icon
Use the Start menu
Use the Run command
Use Windows Explorer or My Computer
36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 36 Real (16-bit), Protected (32-bit), and Long (64-bit) Operating Modes Bit type: number of bits simultaneously processed
Real (16-bit) mode
Exposes hardware to application (no longer used)
Example: DOS
Protected (32-bit) and Long (64-bit) modes
OS controls how an application accesses hardware
Preemptive multitasking is supported
Example: Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
Multiprocessing involves multiple CPUs
37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 37 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit Software 16-bit software
Written for Windows 3.x
Data access is 16 bits at a time
32-bit programs
Written for Windows NT/2000/XP and Windows 9x/Me
64-bit programs
Written for Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
Most software today is 32-bit or 64-bit
38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 38 An OS Manages Hardware OS interacts with hardware using drivers or BIOS
Software falls into three categories:
Device drivers or the BIOS
Operating system
Application software
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40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 40 How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Devices Device drivers: specify how to interact with a device
Example: a driver links a computer to a digital camera
Drivers are provided by OS and device manufacturer
Three kinds of drivers (corresponds to a mode)
16-bit real, 32-bit protected, and 64-bit long
Device drivers in Windows
Before installation, verify Microsoft has tested device
Registry stores information about 32-bit device drivers
Updated drivers are available at manufacturer’s site
41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 41 How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices System BIOS contains device information
Instructions enable CPU to communicate with device
Example: keyboard activated at startup using BIOS
Configure BIOS device interaction in CMOS setup
The OS may use system BIOS to access devices
Disadvantage of using BIOS device management
BIOS does not operate as fast as device drivers
42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 42 How an OS Manages Memory Memory functions performed by OS at startup
Launches utilities to manage memory
Assigns addresses to each location of memory
Drivers, OS, and application use memory addresses
Enables three software layers to refer to shared data
16-bit program in real mode has direct access to RAM
The OS controls memory access in protected mode
The address spaces of a program is protected
Virtual memory expands number of running programs
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44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 44 OS Tools to Examine a System A variety of tools are available:
The Windows Desktop
My Computer and Windows Explorer
System Properties
Control Panel
Device Manager
System Information
Windows Help and the Microsoft Web Site
45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 45 The Windows Desktop Primary tool provided by the Windows shell
Terms associated with the desktop
Taskbar: displays information, offers program access
Service: support program running in the background
System tray: displays icons for running services
Shortcut: desktop icon pointing to a program
Tools used to configure the desktop
Display Properties Window
The Taskbar and System Tray
Shortcuts
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47. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 47 My Computer and Windows Explorer Used to manage files, folders, and other resources
Tools share similar functionality
Perform a wide range of tasks using shortcut menus
Example: create a new file
File and folder operations performed with Explorer
Creating a folder
Deleting a folder
Changing file attributes
Changing folder options
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49. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 49 System Properties Two ways to open utility:
Right-click My Computer and select Properties
Click the System applet in the Control Panel
Some tasks that can be performed
View processor and memory information
Change the name of the computer on the network
Access Device Manager on the Hardware tab
Control performance on the Advanced tab
Switch System Restore on or off
Use the Automatic Update tab to control updating
50. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 50 Control Panel Contains applets used to manage the system
Accessing Control Panel in Windows XP
Click Start and the click Control Panel
Two views: Category View and Classic View
Applets can be launched via the Run dialog box
Example: enter Main.cpl to open Mouse Properties
51. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 51 Device Manager Primary graphical tool for solving hardware problems
Primary screen displays a list of devices
Right click Properties to view device details
Some tasks that can be performed
Enable, disable, uninstall a device
Update device drivers
Uninstall device drivers
Symbols are used to indicate a device status
Example: red X over device indicates it is disabled
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53. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 53 System Information Used to view detailed information about the system
Important features
BIOS version you are using
The directory where the OS is installed
How system resources are used
Information about drivers and their status
To open utility, enter Msinfo32.exe in Run dialog box
54. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 54 Windows Help and the Microsoft Web Site Key guide to system
Excellent troubleshooting resource
Example: analyze problem with Internet connection
Microsoft Web site: http://support.microsoft.com
Use search engine to locate alternative resources
Ensure that the alternative site is reputable
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56. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 56 Keystroke Shortcuts in the OS Simplify interaction with the operating system
Examples
Function keys: F4, F5, F8
Text editing operations: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+x
Shortcut keys are critical when mouse is not working
57. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 57 Summary The OS manages system resources for users and applications
DOS (disk operating system): early command- driven OS
Modern OSs: Windows 2000/XP, Linux, Mac OS X
Operating systems are divided into a kernel and user shell
Two OS running modes: real and protected
58. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e 58 Summary (continued) OS functions: providing a user interface, managing files, managing applications, and managing hardware
Windows desktop: primary graphical interface to OS
Windows Explorer: used to navigate directory and manipulate files and folders
Other tools: System Properties, Control Panel, Device Manager, System Information, and Windows Help
Keystroke shortcuts provide a way to perform tasks without a mouse