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Chapter 11 Abstract Classes and Interfaces (continued)

Chapter 11 Abstract Classes and Interfaces (continued). The ActionListener Interfaces. HandleEvent. Run. Handling GUI Events. Source object (e.g., button) Listener object contains a method for processing the event. animation. Trace Execution. public class HandleEvent extends JFrame {

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Chapter 11 Abstract Classes and Interfaces (continued)

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  1. Chapter 11 Abstract Classes and Interfaces(continued)

  2. The ActionListener Interfaces HandleEvent Run

  3. Handling GUI Events Source object (e.g., button) Listener object contains a method for processing the event.

  4. animation Trace Execution public class HandleEvent extends JFrame { public HandleEvent() { … OKListenerClass listener1 = new OKListenerClass(); jbtOK.addActionListener(listener1); … } public static void main(String[] args) { … } } class OKListenerClass implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("OK button clicked"); } } 1. Start from the main method to create a window and display it

  5. animation Trace Execution public class HandleEvent extends JFrame { public HandleEvent() { … OKListenerClass listener1 = new OKListenerClass(); jbtOK.addActionListener(listener1); … } public static void main(String[] args) { … } } class OKListenerClass implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("OK button clicked"); } } 2. Click OK

  6. animation Trace Execution public class HandleEvent extends JFrame { public HandleEvent() { … OKListenerClass listener1 = new OKListenerClass(); jbtOK.addActionListener(listener1); … } public static void main(String[] args) { … } } class OKListenerClass implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("OK button clicked"); } } 3. Click OK. The JVM invokes the listener’s actionPerformed method

  7. The Cloneable Interfaces Marker Interface: An empty interface. A marker interface does not contain constants or methods. It is used to denote that a class possesses certain desirable properties. A class that implements the Cloneable interface is marked cloneable, and its objects can be cloned using the clone() method defined in the Object class. package java.lang; public interface Cloneable { }

  8. Examples Many classes (e.g., Date and Calendar) in the Java library implement Cloneable. Thus, the instances of these classes can be cloned. For example, the following code Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(2003, 2, 1); Calendar calendarCopy = (Calendar)calendar.clone(); System.out.println("calendar == calendarCopy is " + (calendar == calendarCopy)); System.out.println("calendar.equals(calendarCopy) is " + calendar.equals(calendarCopy)); displays calendar == calendarCopy is false calendar.equals(calendarCopy) is true

  9. Implementing Cloneable Interface To declare a custom class that implements the Cloneable interface, the class must override the clone() method in the Object class. The following code declares a class named House that implements Cloneable and Comparable. House

  10. Shallow vs. Deep Copy House house1 = new House(1, 1750.50); House house2 = (House)house1.clone();

  11. Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes In an interface, the data must be constants; an abstract class can have all types of data. Each method in an interface has only a signature without implementation; an abstract class can have concrete methods.

  12. Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes, cont. All classes share a single root, the Object class, but there is no single root for interfaces. Like a class, an interface also defines a type. A variable of an interface type can reference any instance of the class that implements the interface. If a class extends an interface, this interface plays the same role as a superclass. You can use an interface as a data type and cast a variable of an interface type to its subclass, and vice versa. Suppose that c is an instance of Class2. c is also an instance of Object, Class1, Interface1, Interface1_1, Interface1_2, Interface2_1, and Interface2_2.

  13. Caution: conflict interfaces In rare occasions, a class may implement two interfaces with conflict information (e.g., two same constants with different values or two methods with same signature but different return type). This type of errors will be detected by the compiler.

  14. Whether to use an interface or a class? Abstract classes and interfaces can both be used to model common features. How do you decide whether to use an interface or a class? In general, a strong is-a relationship that clearly describes a parent-child relationship should be modeled using classes. For example, a staff member is a person. So their relationship should be modeled using class inheritance. A weak is-a relationship, also known as an is-kind-of relationship, indicates that an object possesses a certain property. A weak is-a relationship can be modeled using interfaces. For example, all strings are comparable, so the String class implements the Comparable interface. You can also use interfaces to circumvent single inheritance restriction if multiple inheritance is desired. In the case of multiple inheritance, you have to design one as a superclass, and others as interface. See Chapter 10, “Object-Oriented Modeling,” for more discussions.

  15. Wrapper Classes NOTE: (1) The wrapper classes do not have no-arg constructors. (2) The instances of all wrapper classes are immutable, i.e., their internal values cannot be changed once the objects are created. • Integer • Long • Float • Double • Boolean • Character • Short • Byte

  16. The toString, equals, and hashCodeMethods Each wrapper class overrides the toString, equals, and hashCode methods defined in the Object class. Since all the numeric wrapper classes and the Character class implement the Comparable interface, the compareTo method is implemented in these classes.

  17. The Number Class Each numeric wrapper class extends the abstract Number class, which contains the methods doubleValue, floatValue, intValue, longValue, shortValue, and byteValue. These methods “convert” objects into primitive type values. The methods doubleValue, floatValue, intValue, longValue are abstract. The methods byteValue and shortValue are not abstract, which simply return (byte)intValue() and (short)intValue(), respectively.

  18. The Integer and Double Classes

  19. The Integer Classand the Double Class • Constructors • Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE • Conversion Methods

  20. Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors You can construct a wrapper object either from a primitive data type value or from a string representing the numeric value. The constructors for Integer and Double are: public Integer(int value) public Integer(String s) public Double(double value) public Double(String s)

  21. Numeric Wrapper Class Constants Each numerical wrapper class has the constants MAX_VALUE and MIN_VALUE. MAX_VALUE represents the maximum value of the corresponding primitive data type. For Byte, Short, Integer, and Long, MIN_VALUE represents the minimum byte, short, int, and long values. For Float and Double, MIN_VALUE represents the minimum positivefloat and double values. The following statements display the maximum integer (2,147,483,647), the minimum positive float (1.4E-45), and the maximum double floating-point number (1.79769313486231570e+308d).

  22. Conversion Methods Each numeric wrapper class implements the abstract methods doubleValue, floatValue, intValue, longValue, and shortValue, which are defined in the Number class. These methods “convert” objects into primitive type values.

  23. The Static valueOf Methods The numeric wrapper classes have a useful class method, valueOf(String s). This method creates a new object initialized to the value represented by the specified string. For example: Double doubleObject = Double.valueOf("12.4"); Integer integerObject = Integer.valueOf("12");

  24. The Methods for Parsing Strings into Numbers You have used the parseInt method in the Integer class to parse a numeric string into an int value and the parseDouble method in the Double class to parse a numeric string into a double value. Each numeric wrapper class has two overloaded parsing methods to parse a numeric string into an appropriate numeric value.

  25. NOTE Arrays are objects. An array is an instance of the Object class. Furthermore, if A is a subclass of B, every instance of A[] is an instance of B[]. Therefore, the following statements are all true: new int[10] instanceof Object new GregorianCalendar[10] instanceof Calendar[]; new Calendar[10] instanceof Object[] new Calendar[10] instanceof Object

  26. CAUTION Although an int value can be assigned to a double type variable, int[] and double[] are two incompatible types. Therefore, you cannot assign an int[] array to a variable of double[] or Object[] type.

  27. Sorting an Array of Objects Objective: The example presents a generic method for sorting an array of objects. The objects are instances of the Comparable interface and they are compared using the compareTo method. Run GenericSort

  28. TIP Java provides a static sort method for sorting an array of Object in the java.util.Arrays class. So you can use the following code to sort arrays in this example: java.util.Arrays.sort(intArray); java.util.Arrays.sort(doubleArray); java.util.Arrays.sort(charArray); java.util.Arrays.sort(stringArray);

  29. Automatic Conversion Between Primitive Types and Wrapper Class Types JDK 1.5 allows primitive type and wrapper classes to be converted automatically. For example, the following statement in (a) can be simplified as in (b): Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3}; System.out.println(intArray[0] + intArray[1] + intArray[2]); Unboxing

  30. BigInteger and BigDecimal If you need to compute with very large integers or high precision floating-point values, you can use the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes in the java.math package. Both are immutable. Both extend the Number class and implement the Comparable interface.

  31. BigInteger and BigDecimal BigInteger a = new BigInteger("9223372036854775807"); BigInteger b = new BigInteger("2"); BigInteger c = a.multiply(b); // 9223372036854775807 * 2 System.out.println(c); Run LargeFactorial BigDecimal a = new BigDecimal(1.0); BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(3); BigDecimal c = a.divide(b, 20, BigDecimal.ROUND_UP); System.out.println(c);

  32. Chapter 12 Object-Oriented Design and Patterns

  33. Motivations The preceding chapters introduced objects, classes, class inheritance, and interfaces. You learned the concepts of object-oriented programming. This chapter focuses on the analysis and design of software systems using the object-oriented approach. You will learn class-design guidelines, and the techniques and patterns for designing reusable classes.

  34. Software Development Process

  35. Requirement Specification A formal process that seeks to understand the problem and document in detail what the software system needs to do. This phase involves close interaction between users and designers. Most of the examples in this book are simple, and their requirements are clearly stated. In the real world, however, problems are not well defined. You need to study a problem carefully to identify its requirements.

  36. System Analysis Seeks to analyze the business process in terms of data flow, and to identify the system’s input and output. Part of the analysis entails modeling the system’s behavior. The model is intended to capture the essential elements of the system and to define services to the system.

  37. System Design The process of designing the system’s components. This phase involves the use of many levels of abstraction to decompose the problem into manageable components, identify classes and interfaces, and establish relationships among the classes and interfaces.

  38. Implementation The process of translating the system design into programs. Separate programs are written for each component and put to work together. This phase requires the use of a programming language like Java. The implementation involves coding, testing, and debugging.

  39. Testing Ensures that the code meets the requirements specification and weeds out bugs. An independent team of software engineers not involved in the design and implementation of the project usually conducts such testing.

  40. Deployment Deployment makes the project available for use. For a Java applet, this means installing it on a Web server; for a Java application, installing it on the client's computer.

  41. Maintenance Maintenance is concerned with changing and improving the product. A software product must continue to perform and improve in a changing environment. This requires periodic upgrades of the product to fix newly discovered bugs and incorporate changes.

  42. Discovering Classes One popular way for facilitating the discovery process is by creating CRC cards. CRC stands for classes, responsibilities, and collaborators. Use an index card for each class, as shown in Figure 12.2.

  43. Discovering Class Relationships • Association • Aggregation and Composition • Dependency • Inheritance

  44. Association Association represents a general binary relationship that describes an activity between two classes. An association is usually represented as a data field in the class.

  45. Translation is not Unique NOTE: If you don’t need to know the courses a student takes or a faculty teaches, the data field coureList in Student or Faculty can be omitted.

  46. Association Between Same Class Association may exist between objects of the same class. For example, a person may have a supervisor.

  47. Aggregation and Composition Aggregation is a special form of association, which represents an ownership relationship between two classes. Aggregation models the has-a relationship. If an object is exclusively owned by an aggregated object, the relationship between the object and its aggregated object is referred to as composition.

  48. Dependency A dependency describes a relationship between two classes where one (called client) uses the other (called supplier). In UML, draw a dashed line with an arrow from the client class to the supplier class. For example, the ArrayList class uses Object because you can add objects to an ArrayList. The relationship between ArrayList and Object can be described using dependency, as shown in Figure 12.7(a). The relationship between Calendar and Date can be described using dependency, as shown in Figure 12.7(b).

  49. Dependency vs. Association Both association and dependency describe one class as depending on another. Association is stronger than dependency. In association, the state of the object changes when its associated object changes. In dependency, the client object and the supplier object are loosely coupled. The association relationship is implemented using data fields and methods. There is a strong connection between two classes. The dependency relationship is implemented using methods.

  50. Coupling Dependency, association, aggregation, and composition all describe coupling relationships between two classes. The difference is the degree of coupling with composition being the strongest, followed by aggregation, association, and dependency in this order.

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