SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity.

1. SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. a. Differentiate among alpha and beta particles and gamma decay. b. Differentiate between fission and fusion. c. Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay. d. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems Agenda -Nuclear Reactions: Decay (a, b, g) Fission Fusion -Decay Practice Problems (due tomorrow) -Chapter 10 Vocabulary (Due Tuesday) Name the 4 types of chemical reactions you have learned about: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement • Name the 3 types of nuclear reactions:

2. Radioactivity

3. Nuclear Reactions • Large, unstable atoms undergo nuclear reactions to become more stable • There are 3 types of nuclear reactions: • Fission • Fusion • Decay (alpha, beta, gamma)

4. Types of Radiation • Alpha (a) – a positively charged helium isotope • Beta (β) – an electron • Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle

5. Penetrating Ability

6. Nuclear Reactions X Mass number A Element symbol Z Atomic number

7. Alpha Decay a • In alpha decay, a nucleus emits (releases) two protons and two neutrons in a unit called an alpha particle. • When an atom undergoes alpha decay • Mass number decreases by 4 • Atomic number decreases by 2 • A helium nucleus is a product

8. Alpha Decay • U-239

9. Alpha Decay • U-241

10. Beta Decay b • In Beta Decay, a neutron becomes a proton and an electron is released. The released electron is called a beta particle. • When an atom undergoes beta decay • Mass number stays the same • Atomic number increases by one • An electron is the product 230 236 U 92 0 e -1

11. Beta Decay • C-14

12. Beta Decay • C-16

13. Gamma Decay g • In gamma decay, a particle of high energy is released. The particle of energy is called a gamma particle. • When an atom undergoes gamma decay • The mass number stays the same • The atomic number stays the same • A gamma particle is a product

14. Gamma Decay • Ba-140

15. Gamma Decay • Ba-137

16. Nuclear Reactions • Gamma emission 14 N  14 N + 0 g 77 0

17. Nuclear Reactions • Alpha emission

18. Nuclear Reactions • Beta emission

19. Nuclear Fission • Fission is the splitting of atoms • These are usually very large atoms, so that they are unstable

20. Nuclear Fission

21. Representation of a fission process.

22. Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

23. Nuclear Fusion small nuclei combine 2H + 3H 4He + 1n + 1 1 2 0 Occurs in the sun and other stars Energy

24. Half-Life The time that it takes for 1/2 a radioactive isotope to decay

25. Example of Radioactive Decay For example: Ra-234 has a half-life of 3.6 daysIf you start with 50 grams of Ra-234 After 3.6 days > 25 grams After 7.2 days > 12.5 grams After 10.8 days > 6.25 grams

26. Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of oxygen-15. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?

27. Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?

28. SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. a. Differentiate among alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation. b. Differentiate between fission and fusion. c. Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay. d. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems • Name the 4 types of chemical reactions you have learned about: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement • : Name the 3 types of nuclear reactions: • Fission, Fusion, Decay (alpha, beta, gamma)

32. The Half-Life of Twizzlers • Prepare axes on the graph paper for quadrant 1. The horizontal axis should be evenly marked in half-lives (0-10) and the vertical axis labeled “Length of Twizzler.” • (Note: the vertical axis should be long enough to accommodate the length of a single Twizzler.) • Given 2 Twizzlers, place one of them along the vertical y-axis with one end touching the zero on the horizontal x-axis. • Cut the second Twizzler in half. Place one of the halves vertically on the graph over the 1-half-life mark. • Cut the remaining piece in half. Put one of the halves vertically over the 2-half-life mark. • Repeat until you reach the 10 half-life marker. • Place a mark the top of each Twizzler; connect the marks with a smooth curve of best fit.  • Answer the questions.

34. How does the Twizzler length change as time (in half-lives) increases? • What fraction of the Twizzler remains after 1, 2, 3, 4 half-lives? • The curve you drew is an exponential decay curve. List the important characteristics of such a curve. • If you had a 100-gram sample of a material the mass of which decayed in the manner of your Twizzlers, how much of it would you have after 1 half-life? 2 half lives? 3 half lives? • Did the Twizzler ever completely disappear? Explain. • If you had started with a GIANT Twizzler (2 times the normal size), how would this have affected the shape of the graph? Explain.

35. Distinguish the following types of nuclear decay: • Alpha • Beta • Gamma • What percent of a material remains after one half-life? 50%

36. The amount of time it takes for 50% of a sample to undergo decay is called . . . Half-life • What fraction of a sample remains after 2 half-lives?

37. The amount of time it take for 50% of a sample to undergo decay is called . . . Half-life • What fraction of a sample remains after 2 half-lives? 1/4

38. How many half-lives does it take to reduce a sample to 1/8 its original mass? 3 • If it takes 30 seconds to reduce a sample from 16g to 4g what is the half-life of the material?

40. SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. d. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.

41. Half-life • What is the half-life of the isotope represented in this graph? • At the start there are 80 g. • After one half-life there should be 40g. • The time corresponding to 40g is 6 days. • Half-life is 6 days.

42. Half-life • S-24 t1/2= 15 min How much remains from a 100g sample after 1 hour?

43. Half-life • I-131 t1/2= 8 days How many days would it take to reduce a 300g sample to 75g?

44. Half-life • C-14 t1/2= 5,730 years If you have 120g remaining after 22920 years, what was the mass of your original sample?

45. Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power • Most of our electricity is produced in coal fueled power plants. Nuclear fueled power plants can also be used to produce energy. • In a coal fueled power plant, coal is burned to produce heat. • In a nuclear fueled power plant, fission is used to produce heat.

46. Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power Advantages Disadvantages Thermal pollution causes an increase in the temperature of water in rivers and streams. Radioactive leaks can occur. Nuclear waste must be stored in in special ways for very long periods of time. • Large amounts of energy are produced from very small amounts of nuclear material. • Nuclear material is not limited. • Very little pollution is released into the air.