EPA Report to Congress 2000 (latest available on web)

1. EPA Report to Congress 2000 (latest available on web) Provided to Dr.G. Powell by Dr. D. Monreau, NCSU for this website

2. Uses for which assessments were made • Aquatic life support • Fish consumption • Primary contact recreation (swimming) • Secondary contact recreation • Drinking water supply • Agricultural

3. Rivers and Streams

4. Rivers and Streams

5. Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs

7. Estuarine Waters

8. Estuarine Waters

10. Oxygen Balance in Streams Balance between Supply and Demand

11. Oxygen Supply

12. Oxygen Resources of Streams Atmosphere Oxygen Water O2 Conc. Saturation (equilibrium)

13. 86 77 68 59 50 41 32 oF

14. Water Quality Standard = 5 mg/l

15. Oxygen Demand

16. Water

17. Biological Oxidation of Organic Matter • Carbohydrate Oxidation: CxHyOz + O2 bacteria CO2 + H2O • Algal cell oxidation: (CH2O)106(NH3)16 H3PO4 + 1.2 O2 bacteria CO2 + H2O Algae = 34.3% C; 7.1% H; 51.8% O; 6.0% N; 0.8% P (15 lb algae/lb N)

18. Nitrogen Cycle Animal protein Organic N Waste material, death & decay hydrolysis Ammonia NH3 and NH4+ decay Plant protein Organic N Atmospheric N2 nitrogen-fixing bacteria O2 bacteria bacteria lightning Nitrites NO2- bacteria bacteria Nitrates NO3- O2 Anaerobic (O2 absent) Aerobic (O2 present) Hydrolysis is a chemical decomposition process that uses water to split chemical bonds of substances.

19. The Oxygen Sag-Net Effect of Supply and Demand

20. Saturation Concentration

22. Nutrients

24. 1 lb N At 0.0015 lb NH3/day/person (0.00124 lb N/day/person), oxygen demand associated with algal growth = 0.025 lb/day/person Generally exerted in lakes or estuaries where reaeration is low. synthesis 16.7 lb algae respiration 1.2 lb O2/lb algae 20 lb O2/lb N Approximate chemical formula for algal cells: (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 C= 34.3% H = 7.1% O = 51.8% N = 6.0% P = 0.8%

25. Approximately 160 river miles

26. Nutrient Loads in Neuse River Basin by Source

27. Load = point +export from land = 21.8 million tons/yr = 5.5 lb/ac/yr

28. = 0.45 million lbs Load = point + export from land = 2.35 million lbs/yr = 0.59 lb/ac/yr

29. Chesapeake Bay Watershed New York Pennsylvania Susquehanna Appox. 160 mi. Maryland Delaware West Virginia Potomac District of Columbia James Virginia

30. Threats to the Bay and Rivers NUTRIENTS SEDIMENTS TOXIC CHEMICALS HABITAT LOSS OVERFISHING

31. Estimated 1985 Base Nutrient Loads

32. Total = 303 million lbs/yr DHM

33. Total = 23.8 million lbs/yr DHM

34. Water Pollutant Loads

35. (Mass Loadings)

36. Nonpoint Source Loads of Nitrogenin the United States

37. Input to fields Delivery to estuaries Export to streams Decay

38. Lbs/ac <3.1 3.1-6.3 6.3-12.5 12.5-21.9 >21.9 INPUTS 1 ton/ac = 3.125 lb/ac. Applied Nitrogen Loads From Commercial Fertilizer

39. Lbs/ac <3.1 3.1-6.3 6.3-12.5 12.5-21.9 >21.9 INPUTS 1 ton/sq.mi. = 3.125 lbs/ac Applied Nitrogen Loads From Animal Manure

40. Lbs/ac <3.1 3.1-4.1 4.1-5.3 5.3-6.3 >6.3 INPUTS 1 ton/sq.mi. = 3.125 lb/ac Nitrogen Loads From Atmospheric Deposition

41. March, 2000 water.usgs.gov/nawqa/

42. Nitrogen Export by Region

43. Lb/ac 1 kg/ha = 0.89 lb/ac 1 lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha 10 8 6 4 2

44. Phosphorous Export by Region

45. lb/ac 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1