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To Do, week of 10.29

To Do, week of 10.29. Complete Chapters 6 & 7 Assessment, up front (10 minutes) – answers before we begin Turn in chapter 7 quiz, folder, up front I’m aware of potential problems with questions 7 & 16. I will review and send out announcement. Thanks to Stella and Steven Mc.

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To Do, week of 10.29

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  1. To Do, week of 10.29 • Complete Chapters 6 & 7 Assessment, up front (10 minutes) – answers before we begin • Turn in chapter 7 quiz, folder, up front • I’m aware of potential problems with questions 7 & 16. I will review and send out announcement. Thanks to Stella and Steven Mc. • DUE on Wed., RQ/H assignment • make sure you attach articles – need 4 separate articles • If you already read the uses and grats of the web article in your group pages area, you can use that as one of your articles for the RQ/H assignment • Pull out PTL Ethnography article – Review • This week & next - Bb discussion over RTV article – getting ready for Dr. Ebersole’s live video conference. • Extra credit – Schultze, returned on Wed. • Wed - Dr. Jindra and Star Trek! Enjoy the article. Focus on the basic questions.

  2. “Big Ideas” – Chapter 7 As a result of your readings and our class discussion this weekyou should be able to: • Define ethnography and ethnographic methods • Understand and explain four “commonalities” or characteristics of ethnography • Understand and explain the basic data collection procedures involved in ethnography • Understand the various roles of the researcher in ethnography • Identify when to pull the ethnography tool out of your research toolbelt (that is, know which type of questions should be addressed with this method?)

  3. Research Question Hypotheses Narrow focus Identify topic STEP 1: CONCEPTUALIZATION Define Key Concepts Review of Literature STEP 2: PLANNING & DESIGNING Measurement Techniques Operationalizaton STEP 3: SELECTING A METHODOLOGY STEP 4: ANALYZE & INTERPRET DATA Which Method? STEP 5: RECONCEPTUALIZATION Report / Write A WORKING MODEL OF COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

  4. Rhetorical Textual Analysis

  5. BIG QUESTIONS 1) What tools are in the toolbelt? 2) Which tool do you select? The Research Toolbelt

  6. DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE theory to objects; general to specific specific to general;individual to theory EIDETIC (EIDETIKOS = FORM) ATOMISTIC totality; putting it all together catalogs component elements SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE quantifiable; exists independent of ourknowledge of it meaning perspective of actions CONTEXTUAL GENERALIZABLE not generalizable; interpretation ofsetting sample to population PURIFIED MUNDANE studies isolated attributes studies everyday life; the ordinary MEASURABLE TEXTUAL countable; statistical data meaning of social action; text AGGREGATED PRESERVATIONISTIC emphasizes the aggregate; ignores the individual emphasizes the individual

  7. Approaches to Human Communication Research

  8. PROBLEM METHODOLOGY OWN EXPERIENCEDISCOVER OTHERS ENCOUNTERING THE OTHER LITERATURE REVIEW private text public knowledge CREATING THERESEARCH TEXT COMPOSINGTHE EPISODE interpretation METHODOLOGY “data collection” MOVING TOTHEORY OTHER QUESTIONS? the research argument,interpretation continued reconceptualization PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  9. Distinguishing Field and Laboratory Research • Field studies occur in the natural environment • Laboratory studies control for many interfering elements in the environment

  10. Ethnography vs. Case Study vs. Interview • They are all qualitative methods • Case Study may or may not involve participant observation – sometimes called “ethnography” • The focus is on one organization, group, person, to find out what made it/them/him/her “effective” • Interviews may stop short of participant observation • Content analysis is performed of the interview transcripts to identify patterns of responses

  11. Ragan and Hopper (1994) How couples talk about splitting up - Defined: “last conversation” - examples from fiction novels - television shows/films/plays - talk to people breaking up - observe people in final stages - survey after the fact - record break-up conversations • Deal directly with subjects • Observe, interview or join • autoethnography (insider) • level of commitment varies • MULTI-METHOD • Interview format (Levin, 1987) • Content Analysis • Biographies • Recorders, video cameras (BJ) • Artifacts, recordings, transcripts Ethnography Shimanoff (1985) Patterns in everyday communication among college students - students carried recorders - stay in dorm room - observe in SUB, cafeteria, classes - interviews with students, professors • naturally occurring; normal, routine • phenomena • limited area or time • Craig, et al, (1986), luggage • Star Trek and Elvis....???? • “Presuppositionless” • Data 1st, Patterns 2nd • Build generalizations • from the ground-up Definedethnos = tribe, race or nation; graphos = something written down Commonalities in Ethnographic Research Inductive Reasoning Proximity & Interaction Ordinary Behavior Multiple & Flexible Methods 1. Complete Observer: no knowledge/no interaction (+/-) 2. Complete-Participant: no knowledge/full interaction (+/-) (Fox, 1969) 2. Observer-Participant: knowledge/some interaction (+/-) (Fine, 1980) 3. Participant-Observer: knowledge/full interaction (+/-) (VanMaanen, 1982) Data Collection in Ethnographic Research Record/Report Observations Decide what to observe Gain Access What Role? Limitations? Reactive Effects Reliability low Generalizability?

  12. Bon Jovi • The “Church” of John? • Religious imagery in secular rock music… • “Close reading” of rock altars… homes as texts, bodies, etc. • KEEPING RECORDS (see p. 193) • 1 record words and phrases • 2 sequences of events • 3 meaningful objects • 4 impressions

  13. Advantages and Limitations of Field and Laboratory Research Power of manipulation + - Realism + - Control usually - + Measurement maybe + Randomization - + Observer bias - + Field Laboratory

  14. Ethnography Definedethnos = tribe, race or nation; graphos = something written down Commonalities in Ethnographic Research Inductive Reasoning Proximity & Interaction Ordinary Behavior Multiple & Flexible Methods Data Collection in Ethnographic Research Record/Report Observations Decide what to observe Gain Access What Role? Limitations? Reactive Effects Reliability low Generalizability?

  15. Research Question Hypotheses Narrow focus Identify topic STEP 1: CONCEPTUALIZATION Define Key Concepts Review of Literature STEP 2: PLANNING & DESIGNING Measurement Techniques Operationalizaton STEP 3: SELECTING A METHODOLOGY STEP 4: ANALYZE & INTERPRET DATA Which Method? STEP 5: RECONCEPTUALIZATION Report / Write A WORKING MODEL OF COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

  16. Interfering Elements? Threats due to researchers --Personal attribute effect Unintentional expectancy Threats due to how it is conducted --Procedure/Treatment Validity Environment (internal) Sensitization (pre-post) History (external) (longitudinal) Data Analysis Threats due to research subjects -- Subject Validity Hawthorne Effect Selection Mortality Intersubject bias Maturation Statistical Regression

  17. Ethnography Definedethnos = tribe, race or nation; graphos = something written down Purpose/Goals 1. How people think about communication in particular situations; Effect of Violent Video Games on Children? 2. particular rather than the general (group/culture); When? 1. Questionnaires are impractical, or solving a practical problem 2. When not much is known, no formal hypotheses 3. Extreme cases -- successful or unsuccessful 4. Naturally occurring phenomena are within a limited area or time

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