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ENGLISH GRAMMATICS

ENGLISH GRAMMATICS. Grammatics: the study on the theory of grammar. No grammar is value-free. Any study or discipline is based on a certain theory or value. The Object The Study Language Linguistics Economy Economics Policy Politics

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ENGLISH GRAMMATICS

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  1. ENGLISH GRAMMATICS Grammatics: the study on the theory of grammar. No grammar is value-free. Any study or discipline is based on a certain theory or value. The Object The Study Language Linguistics Economy Economics Policy Politics Behaviour Psychology Society Sociology Culture Anthropology Ethnic Ethnography Events History Grammar Grammatics Why is grammatical theory like that? What is the value or assumption or philosophy behind or underlying a grammar or grammatical description?

  2. ENGLISH GRAMMATICS Various Types of Grammar Traditional Grammar Structural Grammar Transformational (Generative) Grammar Stratificational Grammar Tagmemics Relational Grammar Word Grammar Universal Grammar Lexicofunctional Grammar Functional Grammar Systemic Functional Gramma …

  3. Logical-Philosophical and Ethnographic-Descriptive

  4. ENGLISH GRAMMATICS Two types of analysis Immediate Constituent Analysis Ranked Constituent Analysis The criteria used: formal, where every unit is described in its relation to immediate element (maximal bracketing) functional, where elements of the same rank or function is described as one (minimal bracketing) The young secretary wrote the letter neatly The tough boy ran very quickly

  5. IC and RC Analysis the young secretary wrote the letter neatly

  6. ENGLISH GRAMMATICS Four possible types of analysis The manwrote the letter (What did he do?) The man wrote the letter (What happened?) The man wrotethe letter (Who wrote the letter?) The man wrote the letter (What did he do to the letter?)

  7. Definition of Semiotics the study of sign systems and their use (Fawcett, Halliday, Lamb dan Makkai 1984: xiii theory of code and formation of signs Sign: something that stands for something else Semiotics is constituted by two elements: the content and expression plane or ‘ meaning’ and expression ‘meaning’ expression

  8. Semiotics of the Traffic Lights

  9. Branches of Semiotics • Zoosemiotics • Olfactory signs (code of scents, odors) • Tactile communication (blind and proxemic behaviour) • Codes of taste (culinary practice, traditional foods) • Paralinguistics (voice qualities, vocalization, sobbing, whispering, yawning, belching) • Medical semiotics • Kinesics and proxemics (gestures and distance) • Musical codes • Formalized languages (algebraic and chemical symbols) • Written language, unknown alphabets, secret codes

  10. Branches of Semiotics 11. Natural languages 12. Visual communication (colour systems) 13. Systems of objects (architecture) 14. Plot structures (mythology, games, tales) 15. Cultural codes 16. Aesthetic texts 17. Mass communication 18. Rhetoric Almost all aspects of life are related to semiotics: • overthrown of Saddam’s statue • burning of jalur gumilang by Indonesians • receiving a letter in green paper • Do you know how they call it Kisaran?

  11. Relation between ‘meaning’ and expression Iconic: ‘meaning’ is almost identical with expression Indexical: some elements of the expression point to the meaning Symbolic: no reason as to why the ‘meaning’ is coded the way it is

  12. NONBIUNIQUE RELATION One ‘meaning’ is potentially coded by more than one expression and an expression can code more than one meaning There is no one-to-one relation between ‘meaning’ and expression

  13. UNMARKED AND MARKED REALIZATION

  14. Coding ‘meaning’ in U and M expression

  15. An Expression with many ‘meaning’

  16. Language and Social Context SOCIAL CONTEXT LANGUAGE

  17. Language and Its Social Context IDEOLOGY CULTURE SITUATION LANGUAGE

  18. DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE SEMIOTICS Denotative Semiotics: having ‘meaning’ and expression Connotative: having ‘meaning’ with no means of expression It is analogous to a parasite plant stuck in the denotative one. To realize the meaning it borrows another semiotics, typically below it.

  19. Language as a denotative and connotative semiotics • Being different from the general semiotics, the semiotics of language is constituted by three levels or strata: ‘meaning’, form and expression or technically constituted by semantics, lexicogrammar and phonology/graphology/sign • Social context forms a connotative semiotics stuck up above language. SEMANTICS LEXICOGRAMMAR PHONOLOGY/GRAPHOLOGY

  20. Multi-stratified semiotics of language IDEOLOGY CULTURE SITUATION LEXICOGRAMMAR PHONOLOGY/GRAPHOLOGY/ SIGN SEMANTICS

  21. Text with its Meanings • We will hold a operation tomorrow • medical operation • military campaign • price inspection • robbery, theft, blackmail, looting • seeking matchers • asking (potential) passengers

  22. Text and Semiotics A text is a semantic unit not grammatical one. A text forms in context therefore it construes with the contexts. The philosophy underlying SFL is constructivism. • A serpent searching its way on to the sea, the winding path of serpent, the winding (Kisaran) • The clitic of –nya in Indonesian • When is the New Year? • Why do they call it Borneo, Malvinas? • No two words of different realization expressions have identical meanings • The case of Indonesian and Brazilian students • Banana Republic, my people can do no wrong, surga di telapak kaki ibu, kalau guru …berdiri, berjuang sampai titik …, terpesona melihat wajahnya, pop songs (sungai Musi… • advertisement • Life is a semiotic struggle for a settled meaning.

  23. Semiotik Bahasa Behavioral Potential ‘can do’ Meaning Potential ‘can mean’ Social Context ideology, genre, register Lexicogrammar Potential ‘can say Semantics sound Lexicogrammar Phonology

  24. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relation Paradigmatic: vertical relation of inter-taxonomic elements in a network of system (system network) on the basis of choice. Sintagmatig: horizontal relation of elements of different kinds constituiting a unit on the basis of structure or order. memakan makan Ali memakan sate di warung. makanan Makanan itu enak. dimakan termakan pemakan ...

  25. Metafunctions

  26. Nature of Realization • 1a. Elemental • 1b. Recursive • 2. Prosodic • 3. Culminative Periodic

  27. Realizations of Social Context in Linguistic Representation Field Ideational TRANSITIVITY Tenor Interpersonal Mood/Residue Sound Mode Textual Theme/Rheme

  28. Paradigmatic Representation(Field) Paradigmatic representation in network system Material go, walk, write… Primary Mental know, like, love… Relational BE, sound, look… Process Behavioural sleep, smile, cough … Verbal Secondary say, tell, ask… Existential There is a book ..

  29. Paradigmatic Representation (cont) Giving Statement ROLES SPEECH FUNCTION Demanding Question Information Offer COMMODITY Command Goods & Services Suggestion

  30. Interstratified Realization Realisasi antarstrata Konteks Situasi, Semantik, dan Lexicogrammar dinyatakan dalam bentuk sistem network IPTEK IDEATIONAL TRANSITIVITY

  31. Interstratified Realization (cont) Objektif Nirpersona IPTEK Praktikal Teknikal Material Tulisan Proses Mental EXPERIENTIAL Relasional Pratisipan PROSES Tingkah laku Sikumstan Verbal Eksistensial

  32. Realisasi Pengalaman IPTEK • Intensitas merokok berasosiasi dengan tingkat mortalitas. (Carrier, Process: Relational, Attribut). • Seseorang merokok. Semakin banyak dia merokok, semakin banyak dia mengkonsumsi nikotin yang merusak kesehatannya. Dengan demikian umurnya akan berkurang.

  33. Tense Experiential Structure 1. ate did Λ eat Finite ΛEven

  34. Primary and Secondary Tense

  35. Naming of Tense was been going to have working Finite (past) be going to… (inf.) have…(-en) be…-ing (work) past future past present ‘present in past in future in past’

  36. Occurrences of Tense Secondary Verbal Group Primary second first third

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