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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism. The _____ Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed and transferred by NEVER created or destroyed Anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules release energy by breaking down molecules

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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism

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  1. AP BIOLOGYChapter 8Metabolism

  2. The _____ Law of Thermodynamicsstates that energy can be transformedand transferred by NEVER created or destroyed Anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules release energy by breaking down molecules The measure of disorder or randomness(symbolized by S) FIRST → entropy

  3. The _______ Law of Thermodynamicsstates that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVEfree energy (- Δ G) are ____________ endergonic exergonic SECOND exergonic

  4. Chemical reactions with a POSITIVEfree energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ endergonic exergonic Most enzymes belong to which groupof macromolecules? Molecules that speed up chemical reactions are called ____________ endergonic proteins catalysts

  5. Energy associated with moving objects is called _______ energy Catabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules release energy by breaking down molecules Chemical energy is a form of ___________ energy kinetic potential kinetic → potential

  6. Reactions that release free energyare called ______________ exergonic endergonic The hydrolysis of ATP is a ________ ΔG reaction. Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things are called ____________ exergonic negative enzymes

  7. Reactions that absorb free energyare called ______________ exergonic endergonic Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVEfree energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous Region on an enzyme where regulatory molecules can bind = ______________ endergonic spontaneous Allosteric site

  8. Chemical reactions with a POSITIVEfree energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous The initial investment of energy for starting a chemical reaction is called the _______________ The place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches = _____________ nonspontaneous Activation energy OR Energy of activation active site

  9. Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVEfree energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous Which kinds of bonds hold the substrate to the active site of an enzyme? Nonprotein “helpers” for catalytic activty are called ______________ spontaneous Weak interactions like hydrogen & ionic bonds cofactors

  10. If a cofactor is an organic molecule it is called a ____________ Which kind of food molecules oftenact as coenzymes? A molecule that mimics a substrate, binds to the active site, and reduces the activity of an enzyme is called a(n) _______________ inhibitor. coenzyme vitamins COMPETITIVE

  11. ______________ inhibitors slow down enzymatic reactions by binding to a site other than the active site and causing a change in the enzyme’s shape In ___________ inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by the binding of its end product. The change in the shape of the active site of an enzyme after the substrate attaches so that it binds more snugly is called _____________ NONCOMPETITIVE FEEDBACK INDUCED FIT

  12. When the binding of one substrate molecule primes an enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily it is called ______________ COOPERATIVITY

  13. The arrow in the diagram is showing the _________________ of this reaction. ACTIVATION ENERGY

  14. The arrow in the diagram is showing the ______________________ of this reaction. CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (ΔG)

  15. This reaction has a ___ Δ G because the energy of the products is greater then the reactants +

  16. This reaction has a ___ Δ G because the energy of the products is less then the reactants -

  17. How would adding an enzyme change the graph of this reaction? Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactionsbut don’t change the energy of the products

  18. Cells manage their energy resources by using the energy from exergonic (-ΔG) reactions to drive endergonic (+ΔG) reactions in a process called ____________________ ADP + Pi→ ATP This is a __ ΔG reaction. Energy coupling +

  19. Cellular respiration uses glucose, which has a high level of free energy and releases CO2 and H2O which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or endergonic? spontaneous exergonic

  20. How does the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane? The 2nd Law is the tendency toward randomness. Having equal concentrations on both sides of a membrane is more random than unequal concentrations. Diffusion from high concentration to low INCREASES THE ENTROPY as mandated by the 2nd law

  21. If living things take simpler substances and build them into complicated systems (increase entropy), why does this NOT VIOLATE the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics ? Living things are OPEN systems and must constantly take in energy and materials from outside to maintain the increase in entropy

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