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Periodic Table

Periodic Table. ELEMENTS. All atoms of a specific element are alike All atoms of different elements are different 90 naturally occurring Arranged on Periodic Table to show trends. Mendeleev (1869). Organized table by... Atomic mass Thought pattern must exist between all elements

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Periodic Table

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  1. Periodic Table

  2. ELEMENTS • All atoms of a specific element are alike • All atoms of different elements are different • 90 naturally occurring • Arranged on Periodic Table to show trends

  3. Mendeleev (1869) • Organized table by... • Atomic mass • Thought pattern must exist between all elements • Elements in columns show similar properties… • Both physical and chemical! • Predicted properties of “missing” elements

  4. Mendeleev’s Table

  5. Moseley (c. 1914) • rearranged table by ... • Atomic number • determined atomic number of elements by determining number of protons in element

  6. Moseley’s Table

  7. Seaborg (1944) • rearranged Periodic Table with... • Lanthanide and Actinide Series pulled out/separated from main Periodic Table • discovered countless isotopes & 10 new elements

  8. Before Seaborg

  9. 3-DAlexander’s Arrangement of Elements

  10. Information from Periodic Table • Atomic number • Atomic mass • Chemical symbol • Chemical name

  11. Periodic Law • The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic number

  12. Columns of Table = “groups” or “families” • Newer designation: 1-18 • 8 main families labeled with Roman Numeral and letter ‘A’ • Elements within the same family have similar but not identical properties • Electron configuration varies periodically

  13. Rows of Table = “periods” • Properties are not alike within a period • 7 periods • Number of energy levels in atom • 2 additional rows at bottom of table are Lanthanide and Actinide series and belong to periods 6 and 7 • Seaborg's Extended Periodic Table

  14. Group 1 or IA Group 2 or IIA Group13 or IIIA Group 14 or IVA Group 15 or VA Group 16 or VIA Group 17 or VIIA Group 18 or VIIIA Groups 3-12 Lanthanide & Actinide series Alkali metals Alkaline Earth metals Boron family Carbon family Nitrogen family Oxygen family Halogens Noble gases Transition metals Rare Earth metals Names of Families

  15. Metals • Found to LEFT of zigzag line on table • Good conductors of heat & electricity • Malleable • Ductile • High melting points • Luster • Tend to lose electrons

  16. Nonmetals • Found to RIGHT of zigzag line on table • Poor conductors of heat & electricity • Brittle when solid • Dull • Low melting points • Tend to gain electrons

  17. Metalloids • Found along both sides of zigzag line • Properties of both metals & nonmetals • Okay conductors of heat & electricity • Shiny or dull

  18. Trends • Valence number • Charge of ion • Tendency to gain or lose electrons • Reactivity • Atomic size (radius) • Metallic vs. nonmetallic properties • Ionization energy • Electron affinity • Electronegativity

  19. Atomic Radius PERIOD 3 PERIOD 2

  20. Ionization Energy PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3

  21. Electronegativity PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3

  22. Across a Period • radius decreases • ionization energy increases • electronegativity increases • b/c • number of valence electrons increases… • so EMF increases… • so valence electrons held more tightly…

  23. Atomic Radius Family IA Family IIA

  24. Ionization Energy Family IIA Family IA

  25. Electronegativity Family IIA Family IA

  26. Down a Family • radius increases • ionization energy decreases • electronegativity decreases • b/c • number of energy levels increases… • so valence electrons held less tightly…

  27. Electron Organization • Found in electron clouds - also described as energy levels • Limited space in each cloud • Electrons want to be close to the nucleus because of EMF • Start with by filling the lowest energy level and working their way out. • Want to be in pairs.

  28. Energy Levels

  29. Valence Electrons for the 8 major families • Valence Electron = An electron located on the outer most shell • Roman Numeral tells number of valence electrons for all chemicals in the family. • Each element wants to achieve 8 valence electrons to be stable • Drawn as dot diagrams.

  30. Electron Dot Diagram X Always start HERE X = Chemical Symbol = A valence electron

  31. Octet Rule • The tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons so they acquire eight electrons in their outer energy level

  32. Who am I? • Use the clues and a periodic table to predict the element. • The number of clues is shown in the lower right corner.

  33. 1. Who am I? • Very good ability to conduct electricity • When combined with other elements, usually give up 1 valence electron • Only one letter in symbol • Potassium! (K) 3 clues

  34. 2. Who am I? • More valence electrons than oxygen • More protons than calcium • Fewer protons than krypton • Bromine ! (Br) 3 clues

  35. 3. Who am I? • Poor conductor • Usually found as a gas • Do not bond well with others (like to be alone) • Sometimes found in signs outside restaurants • Neon ! (Ne) 4 clues

  36. 4. Who am I? • Second largest atomic radius of period • One of most reactive in the family • One more proton than Rubidium • Strontium ! (Sr) 3 clues

  37. 5. Who am I? • Usually found as a gas • Very reactive • Lightest element in family • Often form -1 ion • Fluorine! (F) 4 clues

  38. 6. Who am I? • Radioactive • Highest atomic radius in family • Usually form -2 ion • Polonium ! (Po) 3 clues

  39. 7. Who am I? • Most commonly form +2 ion • Second highest number of protons in family • Second largest atomic radius in family • Barium! (Ba) 3 clues

  40. 8. Who am I? • All other members of family are metals • Most abundant element in universe • Hydrogen ! (H) 2 clues

  41. 9. Who am I? • Metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals all found in family • Same number of protons as the sum of the protons in the two elements directly above • 2nd greatest atomic radius in my family • Lead ! (Pb) 3 clues

  42. 10. Who am I? • Smallest atomic radius in my family • Family contains metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals • Can form positive or negative ion (call this the “skip” family) • Carbon ! (C) 3 clues

  43. 1. Who am I? • Very good ability to conduct electricity • When combined with other elements, usually give up 1 valence electron • 2nd largest atomic radius in group • Cesium! (Cs) 3 clues

  44. 2. Who am I? • More valence electrons than iodine • Fewer protons than rubidium • Can hurt Superman • Krypton (Kr) 3 clues

  45. 3. Who am I? • Poor conductor • Usually found as a gas • Do not bond well with others • Can make your voice sound funny • Helium ! (He) 4 clues

  46. 4. Who am I? • 2nd lowest atomic radius in the group • Has twice as many protons as the element above it • Can smell like rotten eggs • Sulfur ! (S) 3 clues

  47. 5. Who am I? • Has more valence electrons than lithium • Is a metal that sits on the ‘zig-zag’ line • Is not radioactive • Aluminum! (Al) 3 clues

  48. 6. Who am I? • Has 5 occupied energy levels • It is shiny and malleable • Has a symbol that isn’t derived from the it’s English name • Has a atomic number less than 75 • I am NOT very valuable. • Tin ! (Sn) 5 clues

  49. 7. Who am I? • Largest atomic radius on the periodic table • Francium (Fr) 1 clues

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