March 11, 2014 VariAMU Workshop

1. Developing An Emotion Corpus Sophia Lee, Hongzhi Xuand Chu-Ren Huang The Hong Kong Polytechnic University March 11, 2014 VariAMU Workshop

2. Outline • Introduction • Objective • Emotion as a pivot event • The event-based emotion corpus • Ongoing work • Conclusion VariAMU Workshop

3. Introduction • Sentiment vs. Emotion • Emotions are universal human cognitive states elicited by actual or perceived external events • Emotions link cognitive experiences to potential consequences • E.g. unwanted circumstances  anger  aggressive behaviors VariAMU Workshop

4. Emotion as a Pivot Event • Emotions are treated as pivots linking reported events to potential actions by the experiencer VariAMU Workshop

5. Objective • To construct a Chinese event-based corpus • To account for the linguistic correlations between pre-events and caused emotions, as well as the correlations between emotions and post-events VariAMU Workshop

6. The Event-based Corpus • 9,000 instances of sentences are extracted from the Sinica Corpus based on the Chinese emotion keywords (Lee et al. 2010) • Each instance contains the focus sentence with the emotion keyword “<FocusSentence>”, plus the sentence before “<PrefixSentence>” and after “<SuffixSentence>” VariAMU Workshop

7. Sample instance

8. Annotation Guidelines • For each annotated emotion, its pre-events and post-events are manually annotated. • A pre-event (cause event) refers to the event that triggers or is highly linked with the presence of the corresponding emotions • A post-event is an event triggered by the emotion, which shows a clear cause-effect relation • The events are usually linguistically expressed by means of verbs, nominalizations, and nominals. • Mark the shortest meaningful cause events that are closest to the emotion keywords.

9. Annotation Tool

10. Results (I) • Pre-events (81%) tend to occur more frequently than post-events (19%) • Pre-events (63%) tend to occur before the emotion keyword while post-events mostly occur after the emotion keyword (85%) • Pre-events can be verbal events or nominal events while post-events are all verbal events VariAMU Workshop

11. Result (II) • Pre-events tend to be introduced by a list of linguistics cues (Lee et al. 2012) • Prepositions, e.g. wei4 and dui4 • Conjunctions, e.g. yin1wei4 and yu2shi4 • Epistemic markers, e.g. kan4dao4 and ting1dao4 • The types of post-events tend to have a close association with the emotion type VariAMU Workshop

12. Ongoing work: Linguistic analysis • To provide a deep linguistic analysis of the links between event structures and emotions • Temporal relations between events and emotions • To explore how the manual event-annotation and the linguistic analysis would help improve the automatic event and emotion identification • Identify events based on emotions • Identify (implicit) emotions based on identified events VariAMU Workshop

13. Ongoing work: Temporal relation • To examine the temporal relation of the events involved in each emotion instance based on Allen’s Interval Algebra For example, is formalized as

14. Conclusion • Emotions as pivots underlie our innovative approach towards a linguistic model for event and emotion identification. • The event-annotated emotion corpus and the analysis of emotion-event interaction offer rich structured data allowing the development of a theory of emotion as events. VariAMU Workshop