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Sewage and Organic Wastes

Sewage and Organic Wastes. TREN 3P14: Sustainable Integrated Waste Management David T. Brown. toxics nutrients suspended matter pathogens thermal pollution dissolved gases. anthropogenic origin (e.g. industrial effluent, municipal sewage, tourism operations)

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Sewage and Organic Wastes

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  1. Sewage and Organic Wastes TREN 3P14: Sustainable Integrated Waste Management David T. Brown

  2. toxics nutrients suspended matter pathogens thermal pollution dissolved gases anthropogenicorigin (e.g. industrial effluent, municipal sewage, tourism operations) naturalorigin (e.g. silt, mineral nutrients, wild animal wastes) Water Pollutants

  3. Significant concern in the tourism industry • Water quality • Water quantity • Aesthetic concerns • Disease and pathogens • Local equity issues

  4. Controlling Water Pollution • Upstream: before the problem occurs • Downstream: after the problem occurs

  5. Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • process modification in industry: elimination of pollutants and toxics • avoidance of direct discharge into: • water bodies • storm sewers • sanitary sewers • identification of storm drains (e.g. Yellow Fish Road project)

  6. Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • decoupling of storm and sanitary sewers • runoff control: • increasing absorptive surfaces • avoiding erosion • maintaining streambank and shoreline vegetation • legislation and regulation: guidelines and laws establishing limits on discharge

  7. S E W A G E Neolithic revolution • small towns and settlements -> human excreta control generally non-problematic

  8. S E W A G E “In days of old When knights were bold And toilets weren’t invented They’d leave their loads Upon the roads And walk away contented.”

  9. S E W A G E Post - Neolithic revolution: Large towns and cities -> human waste control became a problem high-density living required technologies for handling human wastes in urban areas: • chamber pots and open gutters • pit privies / trench latrines/ outhouses • septic systems and variants • centralized sewage collection and treatment systems

  10. "Our excreta--not wastes, but misplaced resources--end up destroying food chains, food supply and water quality in rivers and oceans....How did it come to pass that we devised such an enormously wasteful and expensive system to solve a simple problem?“- Sim van der Ryn, ‘The Toilet Papers’ (1978)

  11. Temporary /short term: packing it out single-use holes pit privies trench latrines Downstream Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale Meyer, Kathleen. 1989. How to shit in the woods : an environmentally sound approach to a lost art. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Calif.

  12. Long-term outhouses settling ponds septic tanks septic fields composting toilets Downstream Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale van der Ryn, Sim. 1978 (republished and revised 1999). The Toilet Papers: Recycling Waste and Conserving Water. Chelsea Green Publishing, Vermont. Online edition available atwww.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tren3p14/2006/ToiletPapers.pdf

  13. Tourism operations:

  14. Tourism operations:

  15. Tourism operations:

  16. Land-based wastewater treatment: Surface spray

  17. Land-based wastewater treatment: Overland flow

  18. Land-based wastewater treatment: Subsurface infiltration

  19. Downstream Methods of Sewage Treatment: Large Scale

  20. Downstream Methods of Sewage Treatment • domestic sewage treatment: • preliminary: screening andremoval of large contaminants • primary: straining and settling of solids • secondary: removal of biodegradable organic matter and nutrients • tertiary: removal of residual dissolved nutrients and pollutants

  21. Downstream Methods of Sewage Treatment • effluent treatment processes: • mechanical:filtering, gravity separation • chemical: flocculation, coagulation • biological:microbes or macrophytes aerobic or anaerobic • disinfection:chlorination, ozonation, etc. (pathogen control)

  22. Downstream Methods of Sewage Treatment • ‘physical plant’/ ‘engineered’ approach(usually centralized, large scale) • ‘constructed wetland’ approach(centralized or decentralized, large or small scale)

  23. GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK CHLORINATION TANK BAR SCREEN outflow Primary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage Sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED

  24. AERATION TANK GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK SETTLING TANK 2 BAR SCREEN outflow Secondary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage CHLORINATION TANK Methane Air pump Activated sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED

  25. Constructed Wetland

  26. Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS S.W.A.M.P. (SEWAGE WASTE AMENDMENT MARSH PROJECT) Niagara on the Lake, Ontario

  27. Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS

  28. Constructed Wetlandmacrophytes Cattails and Water Hyacinth

  29. Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  30. Settling tank Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  31. Sludge dewatering and drying Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  32. Aeration pond Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  33. Outflow into constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  34. Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand

  35. Waterless toilet technologies Clivus Multrum composting toilet • converts human and organic wastes into odourless compost

  36. Scalable Waterless Low energy Suitable for remote areas Now CSA approved Waterless toilet technologies

  37. Water and Legislation • multijurisdictional: federal, provincial, and municipal areas of responsibility • multifaceted: laws and regulations deal with • conservation and management of water resources; protection of aquatic life • pollution and liquid discharge • drinking water standards

  38. Federal Water Legislation(in areas of federal jurisdiction) Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) :regulates the release of specified toxic substances, the concentration of nutrients in products (e.g. nitrates, phosphates); national regulations for pulp and paper mill effluents Fisheries Act: forbids the depositing of deleterious substances in any waters frequented by fish; regulates aquatic toxicity testing; regulates pulp and paper mill effluents and requires monitoring of effects on fish habitat

  39. Provincial Water Legislation Ontario Water Resources Act: Section 30(1) prohibits the discharge of any material into any water body, shoreline, or bank that may impair the quality of the water Environmental Protection Act (EPA) :Subsection 14: prohibits discharge of any contaminant into the natural environment that causes or is likely to cause an adverse effect

  40. Water Quality Guidelines, Policies, and Objectives: • cover water quality for many types of water uses and aquatic environments (e.g. water storage structures, sewage plant discharge, drinking water quality objectives and treatment requirements, etc.) • legally enforceable when incorporated into a Certificate of Approval or a Control Order Banned and Phased-Out Chemicals: • primary and secondary lists of substances to be banned, phased out, or reduced in use due to their persistence in water or aquatic systems

  41. Drinking Water: Municipalities are responsible for conforming to provincial water quality and treatment guidelines for drinking water from surface and ground sources

  42. MISA(Municipal, Industrial Strategy for Abatement) • program aimed at the virtual elimination of persistent toxic contaminants from all discharges into Ontario waterways • dealt with direct dischargers (into surface waters, e.g. sewage treatment plants, certain industries) and indirect dischargers (into municipal sewer systems).

  43. Objectives: • identify and measure toxic substances in discharges • increase emphasis on control technlogy • pollution prevention and reduction in multi-media transfer of pollutants • strengthen abatement and enforcement mechanisms -> eventual virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances

  44. Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement Advisory Committee was eliminated by Harris government, and MISA program severely weakened. • Avenues for both public input and multi-stakeholder input to government decision-making were removed. Starting in 1995, the Harris Government weakened or revoked nearly every environmental protection law in Ontario and numerous regulations under these laws.

  45. Every aspect of environmental protection was affected, including controls on air pollution, water pollution, pesticides, waste disposal and recycling, urban sprawl, energy use and climate change, natural heritage and biodiversity protection, mining, and forestry. DETAILS: • Canadian Environmental Law Association (http://www.cela.ca/): Environmental Deregulation in Ontario - 1996-2000http://62.44.8.131/coreprograms/detail.shtml?x=1780

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