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English Phonetics and Phonology

English Phonetics and Phonology. Eha Mängel Tallinn University. Phonetics - a theory about speech sounds, describing the sounds that we use in speaking Phonology - explains how phonemes function in language, the relationships among different phonemes. The course will focus on.

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English Phonetics and Phonology

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  1. English Phonetics and Phonology Eha Mängel Tallinn University

  2. Phonetics - a theory about speech sounds, describing the sounds that we use in speaking • Phonology - explains how phonemes function in language, the relationships among different phonemes

  3. The course will focus on • English sounds • Intonation and rhythm • Transcription

  4. Phoneme - a unit within a set of units as the basis of our speech. If we put one of these units in the place of one of the others, we can change the meaning of the word • Allophone – different realisations of one and the same unit

  5. Organs of speech

  6. Classification of Speech Sounds • Vowels • Consonants

  7. General Articulatory Characters • Relatively low position of the tongue • More retracted articulation • Relative absence of lip-rounding and protrusion • Laxness

  8. Vowels • Monophthongs • Diphthongs • 12 monophthongs: 7 short: ɪ, e, æ, ʌ , ɒ, ʊ, ә and 5 long: i: , ɑ: , ɔ: , з: , u: • 7 diphthongs: 5 closing: eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, әʊ • and 2 (3) centring: eә, ɪә, (ʊә)

  9. Intonation • Stress • Rise • Fall • Rise-fall • Fall-rise

  10. Rhythm • Tone unit • Prominent syllable • Tonic syllable • Tone unit border mark // • I hurried across and turned around the corner and started to walk • I hurrried across// and turned around the corner// and started to walk

  11. Diagram of Cardinal Vowels

  12. Comparison • Estonian niit piik siil siin kiin • English neat peak seal scene keen

  13. Spelling i: All –ee: heel, sleep, keen Most –ea: steal, meat, read -e: be, me Less common: -i : machine, police -ie : field, piece -ei : receive -ey : key

  14. Comparison • Estonian tipp lipp pikk • English tip lip pick

  15. Spelling I Common: -i : if, film, his -e : verb endings and plurals: started, dances Exceptions: -o : women -u : busy -a : village

  16. Limerick There was an Old Man of the East, Who gave all his children a feast; But they all ate so much, And their conduct was such, That it killed that Old Man of the East.

  17. was Man East, gave children feast; all much, conduct such, killed Man East.

  18. /e/ and /æ /

  19. Spelling /e/ • Common: • -e end, bed, letter • -ea dead, health, deaf, jealous • Less common: • -a any, ate, Thames, Pall Mall • -ai said, against • -ay says • -ei leisure, heifer, Leicester • -eo leopard, jeopardy • -u bury

  20. Comparison • Estonian: test sett tennis • English: test set tennis

  21. Spelling /æ/ • Common • -a add, apple, rat, • Less common: • -ai plaid, plait • -al salmon

  22. Comparison • Estonian: mänd kätt päkk • English: man cat pack

  23. /ʌ / and /ɑ: / FRONT CENTRAL BACK CLOSE MID-OPEN OPEN

  24. Spelling /Λ/ • Common: • -u up, begun, luck, republic, frustrate, • Less common: • -o onion, come, among, ton, won • -ou enough, double, touch, southern • -ee threepence • -oe does • -oo blood, flood • -wo twopence

  25. Comparison • Estonian kapp samm kamm • English cup some come

  26. Spelling /ɑ:/ • Common: • -ar art, park, star, argue, departure • -a after, staff, father, class, gasp, answer • Less common: • -al calf, half, calve, halve, salve, calm, palm • -ah Brahmin • are are • -au aunt, laugh, draught • -ear heart, hearth • -er clerk, sergeant, Derby, Berkeley

  27. Comparison • Estonian paat kaar maast • English part car mast

  28. /ɒ/ and /ɔ:/ FRONT CENTRAL BACK CLOSE MID-OPEN OPEN

  29. Spelling /ɒ/ • Common: • -o ox, not, doll, shone, gone BUT: front, tongue,sponge etc. • Less common: • -a wash, swan, quarrel BUT: wax, swam • -au sausage, cauliflower, Austria, Laurence • -eau bureaucracy • -ou cough, Gloucester, trough • -ow knowledge • -ach yacht

  30. Comparison • Estonian: mokk sokk oks nokk • English: mock sock ox knock

  31. Spelling /ɔ:/ • Common: • -or or, form, cord, sort • -al chalk, talk, Baltic, Malta BUT album,Albert, • palm,calm • -ar war, reward, quarter BUT:card,larder • -au autumn, pause, launch • - aw awful, lawn, jaw Less common: • -augh daughter, taught • -augha- Maugham • -as Arkansas

  32. -awe awe • -oa oar, broad • -ough ought, fought, brought • -ou pour, court, source, four • -wor sword

  33. Comparison • Estonian: tool pool moon • English: tall Paul mourn

  34. /ʊ/ and /u:/ FRONT CENTRAL BACK CLOSE MID-OPEN OPEN

  35. Spelling /℧/ • Common: • -oo good, book, took, foot, stood,wool • -u put, full, pull, • Less common: • -ou could, should, would • -o woman, wolf, Wocester

  36. Comparison • Estonian pukk tukk kukk • English book took cook

  37. Spelling /u:/ • Common: • -oo tool, roof, zoo, food, boot • -u plume, rule, June, rude • -ew flew, chew, Jew, grew • -o do,move, Domesday, tomb, womb • -ou group, rouble, sou • -ue blue, true, sue • -ui suit, bruise, juice, cruise, recruit • -eu sleuth, rheumatism • -oe shoe, canoe

  38. -oeu manoeuvre • -ough through • -wo two • -uc Tucson

  39. Spelling /ju:/ • -u unit, humour, perfume • -ue cue, due, residue • eu eucalyptus • -ew few, curfew • -eau beauty • ewe ewe • -ieu adieu • -iew view • yew yew

  40. Comparison • Estonian tuul tuum • English tool tomb

  41. /ɜ:/ and /ə/ FRONT CENTRAL BACK CLOSE MID-OPEN OPEN

  42. Spelling /з:/ • Common: • -ur curly, fur, occur, urn • -urr purr, ocurred BUT: occurrance • -er permit, person, refer, Ernest • -err err, referred • -ir dirty, firm, sir, Irving • -irr stirred, whirr • -ear search, earth, rehearse, earn • -eur amateur, Fleur • -or word, work, worse, attorney

  43. Less common: • -our courtesy, journal • -ere were • -olo colonel • -yr myrtle

  44. Comparison • Estonian köök söö pöör • English Kirk sir purr

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