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Understanding TCP/IP and Other Key Network Protocols in OSI Model

This chapter explores essential network protocols, including TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk. It discusses their characteristics, positions within the OSI model, core protocols, and addressing schemes. Gain insights into installing these protocols on Windows 95 and NT clients. Learn about the connection-oriented services of TCP, as well as connectionless options like UDP. Discover additional protocols such as ICMP and ARP, and understand how to manage networking effectively across multiple LAN segments.

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Understanding TCP/IP and Other Key Network Protocols in OSI Model

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  1. Chapter Three Network Protocols

  2. Chapter Objectives • Identify the characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk • Understand the position of network protocols in the OSI Model • Identify the core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions • Understand each protocol’s addressing scheme • Install protocols on Windows 95 and Windows NT clients

  3. Introduction to Protocols • Protocols • Rules a network uses to transfer data • Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable • Multiprotocol Network • Network using more than one protocol

  4. TCP/IP • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • Suite of small, specialized protocols called subprotocols OSI Model TCP/IP FIGURE 3-1 TCP/IP compared to the OSI Model

  5. TCP/IP Versus OSI

  6. TCP/IP Compared to theOSI Model • Application layer roughly corresponds to Application and Presentation layers • Transport layer roughly corresponds to Session and Transport layers • Internet layer is equivalent to the Network layer • Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical layers

  7. TCP/IP Core Protocols • Subprotocols of the TCP/IP suite • In addition to its subprotocols, the TCP/IP suite featuresrouting protocols • Assist routers in efficiently managing information flow

  8. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Subprotocol enabling TCP/IP to internetwork • Traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router • Subnets • The individual networks joined together by routers in an internetwork

  9. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP Datagram • IP portion of a TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data • Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets FIGURE 3-2 Components of an IP datagram

  10. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP does not guarantee delivery of data • Connectionless • Allows the protocol to service a request without requesting a verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data

  11. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Provides reliable data delivery services • Connection oriented • Requires the establishment of a connection between communicating nodes before the protocol will transmit data • TCP segment • Holds the TCP data fields • Becomes encapsulated by the IP datagram

  12. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Port • Address on host where an application makes itself available to incoming data FIGURE 3-3 A TCP segment

  13. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • A connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered

  14. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Obtains the MAC address of a host or node • Creates a local database mapping the MAC address to the host’s IP address

  15. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Telnet is used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP Protocol • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to send and receive files via TCP/IP • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)is responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networks • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) manages devices on a TCP/IP network

  16. Addressing in TCP/IP • IP Address • Logical address used in TCP/IP networking • Unique 32-bit number • Divided into four groups of octets (8-bit bytes) • Separated by periods

  17. Addressing in TCP/IP • Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the numbers 1 through 254 are used to identify networks and hosts • Numbers 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcasts • Transmissions to all stations on a network TABLE 3-1 Commonly used TCP/IP classes

  18. Addressing in TCP/IP • Loopback address • IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself • Value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1 • InterNIC • Authority for Internet IP addressing and domain name registration • Also known as Network Solutions

  19. Addressing in TCP/IP • Firewall • Specialized device • Selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks • May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a combination of hardware and software • Host • Computer connected to a network using the TCP/IP protocol

  20. Addressing in TCP/IP • In IP address 131.127.3.22, to convert the first octet (131) to a binary number: • On Windows 95, click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, then click Calculator • Click View, then click Scientific (make sure Dec option button is selected) • Type 131, then click Bin option button • The binary number 131, 10000011, appears in the display window

  21. Addressing in TCP/IP • Static IP address • IP address manually assigned to a device • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol protocol • Application layer protocol • Manages the distribution of IP addresses on a network

  22. Viewing IP Information • On a Windows 95 workstation connected to a network • Click Start, then click Run • Type winipcfg • Click OK • Click More Info • Click OK to close window FIGURE 3-4 Example of an IP configuration window

  23. Viewing IP Information • On a Windows NT workstation • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Type ipconfig/all FIGURE 3-5 IP address information on a Windows NT workstation

  24. Addresses and Names • In addition to using IP addresses, TCP/IP networks use names for networks and hosts • Each host requires a host name • Each network requires a network name, also called a domain name • Symbolic name that identifies and Internet domain

  25. IPX/SPX • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) • Protocol originally developed by Xerox • Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network operating system FIGURE 3-6 IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model

  26. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) • Provides routing and internetworking services • Similar to IP in TCP/IP suite FIGURE 3-7 Components of an IPX datagram

  27. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) • Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received: • Whole • In sequence • Error free

  28. SPX FIGURE 3-8 SPX packet encapsulated by an IPX datagram

  29. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) • Runs directly over IPX • Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide • NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) • Handles requests for services between clients and servers

  30. Addressing in SPX/IPX • IPX address • An address assigned to a device on an IPX/SPX network • Contains two parts • Network address (external network number) • Node address

  31. Viewing the IPX Address • With Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT workstations while connected to Netware server running version 4.0 or higher • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Change directories to a drive letter mapped to the network • Type nlist XXXXX /a (with XXXXX being NetWare user logon ID)

  32. Viewing the IPX Address • With Windows 95 or Windows NT workstations while connected to NetWare server running a version lower than 4.0 • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt • Type userlist user=XXXXX/a (with XXXXX being NetWare logon ID)

  33. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) • Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services • Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol • Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

  34. NetBEUI • Fast and efficient protocol • Consumes few network resources • Provides excellent error correction • Requires little configuration

  35. NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model FIGURE 3-9 NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI Model

  36. NetBIOS Addressing • Viewing a workstation’s NetBIOS name • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click the Identification tab FIGURE 3-10 Identification tab in Network properties

  37. AppleTalk • Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers • Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes • Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based networks

  38. AppleTalk • AppleTalk zone • Logical groups of computers defined on an AppleTalk network • Enables users to share file and print services FIGURE 3-11 AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI Model

  39. AppleTalk Subprotocols • AppleShare • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)

  40. AppleTalk Subprotocols • Name Binding Protocol (NBP) • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) • Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)

  41. Addressing in AppleTalk • AppleTalk node ID • Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a computer on an AppleTalk network • AppleTalk network number • Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to which an AppleTalk node is connected

  42. Installing Protocols • After installing protocols, they must be binded • Binding • Process of assigning one network component to work with another

  43. Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation • Insert Windows NT installation CD-ROM • Log on to the workstation as an Administrator • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click Protocols tab • Click Add • In list of network protocols, click NWLink IPX/SPX Compatible Transport, then click OK • Type the appropriate path to the installation files, then click Continue

  44. Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation • Click OK • Click Yes to restart your workstation • Verify protocol was installed by again logging to workstation as an Administrator • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Click the Protocols tab • Verify NWLink (IPX/SPX) Protocol appears in list of installed protocols • Click Cancel to close dialog box

  45. Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation • Right-clickNetwork Neighborhoodicon, then click Properties • Verify Configuration tab is selected • Click Add • Double-click Protocol • In the list of manufacturers, click Microsoft • In list of protocols, click TCP/IP

  46. Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation • Click OK • If TCP/IP is not already installed on workstation, follow prompt and click Yes to restart your computer • Verify protocol was installed by right-clicking Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties • Verify Configuration tab is selected • Click Cancel to close window

  47. Chapter Summary • Protocols define the standards for communication between nodes on a network • Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between one LAN segment or another • TCP/IP is fast becoming most popular network protocol • TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly corresponding to the seven layers of the OSI Model

  48. Chapter Summary • Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide communications between hosts on a network • Internet Protocol (IP) provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable data delivery services • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered

  49. Chapter Summary • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) obtains the MAC address of a host or node then Creates a local database mapping the MAC address to the host’s IP address • Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of octets separated by periods • Range of addresses beginning with 127 is reserved for loopback information • Every host on a network must have a unique number • Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPE/SPE) is a protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare NOS

  50. Chapter Summary • Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network layers of OSI Model • Internet Packet Exchange provides routing and internetwork services similar to IP in TCP/IP suite • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received whole, in sequence, and error free • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide • NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) handles requests for services between clients and servers

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