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Chinese Communist Party parallels and dominates all other state institutions

Chinese Communist Party parallels and dominates all other state institutions. 1. Political Implications of Economic Reform in China. Totalitarianism Authoritarianism charismatic leader  more routinized succession single dominant party  single dominant party

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Chinese Communist Party parallels and dominates all other state institutions

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  1. Chinese Communist Party parallels and dominates all other state institutions 1

  2. Political Implications of Economic Reform in China

  3. TotalitarianismAuthoritarianism charismatic leader more routinized succession single dominant party  single dominant party utopian, forward-looking ideology economic performance/nationalism state control over all emergence of non-political private organized activity sphere arbitrary terror end of arbitrary terror, butno overt challenge to regime allowed mass mobilization apathy okay

  4. Perspectives on the potential for democracy  today “not free” Civic culture Survey data Civil society Interest groups Existing institutions Traditionally “rubber-stamp legislature” Rule by law Changing role for courts

  5. World Values Survey • People’s Republic of China, 2001 • A165.- Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? • 1 Most people can be trusted • 2 Can´t be too careful

  6. World Values Survey • People’s Republic of China, 2001 • A170.- All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? • 1 Dissatisfied • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 Satisfied

  7. World Values Survey • China • A173.- Some people feel they have completely free choice and control over their lives, while other people feel that what they do has no real effect on what happens to them. Please use this scale where 1 means "none at all" and 10 means "a great deal" to indicate how much freedom of choice and control you feel you have over the way your life turns out. • 1 None at all • 2 2 • 3 3 • 4 4 • 5 5 • 6 6 • 7 7 • 8 8 • 9 9 • 10 A great deal

  8. World Values Survey • People’s Republic of China, 2001 • E110.- On the whole are you very satisfied, rather satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the way democracy is developing in our country? • 1 Very satisfied • 2 Rather satisfied • 3 Not very satisfied • 4 Not at all satisfied

  9. World Values Survey • People’s Republic of China, 1990, 2001 • E070.- I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? • The armed forces • 1 A great deal • 2 Quite a lot • 3 Not very much • 4 None at all

  10. Perspectives on the potential for democracy  today “not free” Civic culture Survey data Civil society Interest groups Existing institutions “rubber-stamp legislature” Rule by law Changing role for courts

  11. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Civil Society Definition of civil society a sphere of independent group activity autonomous from the state and free from state domination Definition of pluralism (U.S.) a system of interest representation in which any group can freely form to express interests autonomous from state control

  12. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Civil Society Definition of state corporatism (P.R.C.) a system of interest representation in which only certain groups are licensed by the state and accept limitations on their expression of interest

  13. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Civil Society State corporatism The authoritarian state uses a corporatist approach to Pre-empt the formation of unapproved interest groups NO duplicates allowed (state occupies existing “space”) Coopt the interests expressed by approved groups Official recognition in exchange for limits; state sponsor Repress the expression of interests outside the control of the state. 1998 “Regulations on the Registration and Management of Social Organizations”  implemented by the Ministry of Civil Affairs

  14. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Civil Society • Civil society • More than 200,000 registered social organizations • Others repressed • Tiananmen Square, Autonomous Student Union 1989  violently suppressed • China Democracy Party 1998  leaders imprisoned

  15. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Civil Society • Internet “Virtual civil society” or “Great Firewall” Can the state control 400 million Internet users, instant messaging, etc.? Xiamen Protest against Parazylene Chemical Plant

  16. Media expansion 23 • TV and radio • Approx. 1,000 TV stations • Print • 2,035 newpapers (2003) • Internet • 300 million internet users (1 in 4 Chinese) as of 2008 • Increase of 42% over 2007 • Largest # of users in world as of 2008 • 400 million users as of 2010 • World’s largest internet market

  17. China’s Internet: A Virtual Civil Society? • Internet • “God’s present to China” • “The internet has made it easier to obtain information, contact the outside world and submit articles to overseas media. It is like a super-engine that makes my writing spring out of a well. The internet is an information channel that the Chinese dictators cannot fully censor, allowing people to speak and communicate, and it offers a platform for spontaneous organisation.” Liu Xiaobo Nobel Peace Prize Winner Currently serving prison sentence

  18. China’s Internet: Subject to corporatist controls • Standard controls • Registration • Internet Service Providers personally responsible • Provide identity papers at registration • Self monitoring • Must monitor content, prevent publication of prohibited material, remove and report any prohibited materials • Government sponsor required • Government sponsor—held responsible • Party “propaganda circulars” • Specific instructions on how to handle sensitive topics • Special Internet Police • More than 60 Chinese serving prison sentences for Internet-based political crimes (HRW ’05) A public security official examines the identity of a Chinese surfer at an internet café (Lagerkvist 2010)

  19. Bringing Evidence to the Debates Case: Shanghai Maglev Extension

  20. Shanghai Maglev Extension Case • Citizens protest maglev extension January 6, 2008 • Middle class homeowners • Texting: collectively taking a walk 集体散步 • Blogging • Video posted on internet • Subsequently banned by Internet police • Southern Metropolis Daily (newspaper) • only Chinese media that reported this incident

  21. Shanghai Maglev Extension Case • Citizen blog post • Mr. Zhou [a member of Shanghai government's evaluation team] mentioned ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) and said that this organization has reported that this is harmless and that is harmless. This is really strange. We ordinary citizens can also read English. What we have seen in ICNRP documents details all kinds of harmful effects of electric and magnetic radiation. A lot of research, including biological research and volunteered human subjects research, all showed enormous risks in such an environment.

  22. Shanghai Maglev Extension Case • Southern Metropolis Daily • ‘Two days ago, the plan for the western extended line of the Maglev project began to be publicized. In order to peacefully express themselves, residents along the line came to People’s Square and expressed their opinion about Maglev line passing through their own neighborhood using the method of “taking a walk” and “shopping.” Citizens say: this is one way to express opinions.’

  23. Shanghai Maglev Extension Case • Shanghai government’s official media site: EastNet • “There are people who want Shanghai in chaos. Now, some foreigners are playing up the Maglev project, spreading some malicious rumors. Some domestic people also follow them to make a fuss. Goodhearted people must not to fall into their trap.”

  24. Shanghai Maglev Extension Case • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUXGiuydqiM&feature=player_embedded • Project withdrawn • Also resisted by Ministry of Railways

  25. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Institutions • Existing institutions and rules • National People’s Congress  legislature indirectly elected from local People’s Congresses

  26. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Institutions • National People’s Congress • Evolving beyond “rubber stamp” • Three Gorges Dam Project • first “no” votes • Revision of the Marriage Law • public participation  led to domestic violence clause • Labor Contract Law • public participation  gained greater labor protection

  27. Perspectives on the potential for democracy:Rule of Law Rule of law State introduced “rule by law” To underpin economic growth, control lower level officials Examples Labor Law Workers can sue employers in court for violations Workers win ~40-50%, buthard to enforce Independent trade unions prohibited Administrative Litigation Law Private entrepreneurs can sue if denied license unfairly

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