Cells & Systems Review

1. Cells & Systems Review 2009 Exam Review

2. Cells & Systems • CELL THEORY • Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow • ALL living things are made from CELLS • CELLS come from preexisting cells (you can’t make them) • CELLS are the basic unit of structure and function • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of all of its CELLS!

3. Cells & Systems • Living Organisms Must: • Grow • Repair themselves • Obtain energy (and nutrients) • Remove wastes • Respond to the environment • Reproduce • DIE - Finite lifespan

4. Cells & Systems • Important People and Contributions • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a microscope • Robert Hook - created the term “cell” • Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell theory • Invention of more powerful tools: compound light microscopes – electron microscopes – computers & MRIs – dissections etc.

5. Both have: Nucleii Cell membrane Vacuoles Endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondria only PLANTS have: Chloroplasts Cell wall Cells & SystemsPLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS

6. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Requires NO energy “downhill” (H → L) OSMOSIS – diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane SMALL molecules ACTIVE TRANSPORT Requires energy input Can go “uphill” Often uses CARRIER PROTEINS” – special gate like structures SMALL or LARGE molecules Cells & SystemsTransport of nutrients and wastes

7. UNICELLULAR Single cells - microscopic No specialization – must do all life functions Live in water, soils, air Include: BACTERIA - Monera PROTISTS – Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, etc. MULTICELLULAR 2 or more cells working together Can specialize – perform certain functions well Organisms can be larger Live in all environments Plants, animals, fungi The Main PointsDIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS

8. Cells & SystemsSpecialization • Cellular organization • Cells →Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organisms • Example: • Cell – epithelial tissue – skin – integumentary system - human

9. Cells & SystemsSpecialization • Multicellular Organisims • Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS • HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: • CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to and from ALL cells • RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)

10. Cells & SystemsSpecialization • Multicellular Organisims • Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS • HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: • CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to ALL cells • RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)

11. Cells & Systems • HEART CIRCULATION • 4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles • Major Blood vessels: • VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring deoxygenated blood back to heart from body • AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends oxygenated blood to body • PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) – sends from heart to lungs • PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends from lungs to heart

12. The Main PointsLabel the parts of the heart:

13. The Main Points Pulmonary Artery Aorta L. Atrium Vena Cava Valve P. Vein Valve Valve R. Atrium L. Ventricle Valve R. Ventricle Septum

14. The Main PointsA figure 8 circulation pattern: Pulmonary Vein Vena Cava R. ATRIUM L. ATRIUM body lungs R. VENTRICLE L. VENTRICLE Aorta Pulmonary Artery

15. ARTERIES – move blood AWAY from Heart ROUND & THICK UNDER LOTS OF PRESSURE No valves MOST ARE OXYGENATED VEINS – move blood INTO Heart Flatter & thinner UNDER some OF PRESSURE MOST ARE DEOXYGENATED Have VALVES to keep blood moving toward heart Cells & SystemsBlood vessels

16. Cells & SystemsBlood vessels • Capillaries • Smallest of the blood vessels • Connect arteries & veins • Bring nutrients and O2 to EVERY Cell in the body • REMOVE wastes (CO2, urea) from all cells

17. The Main Points:Blood Components • Plasma – mostly water – largest amount, carries sugar, CO2 carries the blood cells • RBCs – carry oxygen • WBCs – fight infection • Platelets – clot blood (form scabs etc.)

18. The Main Points:EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE • Cells undergo RESPIRATION to produce energy • This reaction requires O2 which makes breathing and heart rate increase when you exercise • This also speeds up the removal of wastes produced! • RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm

19. PRIMARY Blocks germs from entering the body Saliva - mouth Earwax - ears Mucous - respiratory Cilia - respiratory Tears – eyes Skin - body SECONDARY Inside the body Kill germs that get by the primary WBC – kill bacteria Lymphatic system Antibodies Cells & Systems:THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

20. The Main Points:HelpingTHE DEFENCE SYSTEM • Eat Healthy • Exercise • Don’t Smoke • Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep • Drink lots of water

21. The Main Points:HelpingTHE DEFENCE SYSTEM • Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight maintenance, exercise • Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol, eat well, exercise • Stroke – lower stress, low salt, exercise • Leukemia – may be genetic, may be caused by exposure to chemicals

22. Cells & Systems:HelpingTHE DEFENCE SYSTEM • Science has helped us: • Vaccines – dead, weakened forms of germs help us produce antibodies. • Antibiotics – help us defeat infections