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Key Differences Between Cyc and Frame Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

This overview contrasts Cyc and Frame systems, elucidating the innovative features of Cyc, including its ontology editing capabilities and the expressiveness of CycL. The text explores how Cyc handles commonsense and not-so-commonsense knowledge, inference processes, and natural language processing. It highlights key concepts such as binary and non-binary relations, quantifiers, modals, and implicit inverses, marking how these elements differentiate Cyc from traditional frame-based systems. Additionally, it discusses the significance of meta-assertions and self-referentiality in knowledge representation.

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Key Differences Between Cyc and Frame Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Cyc Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems

  2. Overview • Cyc: an “ontology editor” and more • CycL: more expressive than frames • OE: “Editing the ontology” • the traditional way • through natural language

  3. More than an “ontology editor” • Knowlege Base (KB) • commonsense knowledge • not-so-commonsense knowledge • Inference • Modus Ponens: P implies Q; P; hence, Q. • HL modules: specialized reasoners • Natural Language Processing • parsing: English to CycL • generation: CycL to English

  4. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  5. 1. Constants not OOP objects • Constants • entities: #$OsamaBinLaden, #$Texas • collections: #$Pizza, #$NaturalNumber • predicates: #$likesAsFriend, #$isa, #$genls • functions: #$GovernmentFn, #$MotherFn • quantifiers: #$forAll, #$thereExists • The meaning of a constant: • The set of sentences in the KB involving it • NOT the set of its slot values

  6. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  7. 2. >binary predicates in Cyc • #$behaviorCapable, for example • #$arity: 3 • #$arg1Isa: #$SomethingExisting • #$arg2Isa: #$Collection • #$arg2Genl: #$Situation-Temporal • #$arg3Isa: #$Role • (#$behaviorCapable #$Bill #$Swimming #$performedBy)

  8. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  9. 3. Quantifiiers in Cyc (forAll ?X (implies (isa ?X Woman) (thereExists ?Y (and (isa ?Y Man) (loves ?Y ?X))))) • not possible with frames

  10. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  11. 4. Modals in Cyc • #$beliefs, for example: (#$beliefs #$Pierre (#$equals #$SexualArousal #$Pity)) (Cyc Assertion 1204909) • not possible with frames

  12. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  13. 5. Meta-Assertions in Cyc (#$salientAssertions #$Roland M(#$fanOf #$Roland #$KingCrimson-MusicGroup))) • not possible with frames • b/c there is no assertion object to refer to

  14. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  15. 6. Self-Referentiality • Assertions about Cyc(L), in Cyc(L) • #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, #$arity • #$Relation, #$Quantifier, #$EL-Variable • #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate • #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate • #$CycL • #$Cyc

  16. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  17. 7. Implicit inverses • Inverses: for example • (#$mother ?kid ?mom) = kid’s mother is mom • (#$motherOf ?mom ?kid) = ditto • so #$motherOf and #$mother are inverses • Can be implicitly represented in CycL • In a frames system, you have to explicitly represent the inverse of every predicate, which is wasteful.

  18. CycL vs. Frames • concepts not OOP objects • more-than-binary relations • quantifiers • modals • meta-assertions, order infinity (?) logic • self-referentiality • implicit representation of inverses

  19. Now let’s play

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