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The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed

The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed. Elizabeth Walker, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165 -2 Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin Spring, 2011. Introduction Environmental Health Importance. Dairy Calves Water sources New York City. Water Facts.

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The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed

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  1. The Benefits of Dairy Calf Health Management within the New York City Watershed Elizabeth Walker, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin Spring, 2011

  2. IntroductionEnvironmental Health Importance • Dairy Calves • Water sources • New York City

  3. Water Facts • Water on Earth • Illnesses by water • World-wide • United States Jongo News, 2007 Moeller, 2005 Circle of Blue, 2009

  4. History of the Watershed Croton Watershed, 1842 Filtered Catskill/Delaware system, 1907 Treated, unfiltered Cheeseman, 2011 Nicole, 2011 Watershed Agricultural Council [WAC], 2010a,b Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2010 USEPA, 2010 Catskill Watershed Corporation, 2005

  5. Regulations • Safe Drinking Water Act, 1986 • Surface Water Treatment Rule,1989 Southern Nevada Water Authority, 2011 USEPA, 2010 NYC Department of Environmental Protection [DEP], 2011

  6. Watershed Agricultural Programs • Whole Farm Planning • Nutrient Management • Youngstock Pathogen Management WAC, 2010b

  7. Dairy Calf Health & Biosecurity Kansas State University, 2003

  8. General Calf Health • Calf immunity • Common diseases • Early health Squash Blossom Farm, 2009 Penn State University [PSU], 2008 Cornell University, 2011d

  9. Calving area Feeding Weaning Farm pathogen load Housing Environment Stress Cattle Health Assurance Program Factors Affecting Calf Health

  10. Simple Mitigation Strategies & Benefits For Factors Affecting Calf Health

  11. Calving Area/Maternity Pen • Clean & dry • Fresh bedding • No other animals Land O’ Lakes, 2010 EPA, 2005

  12. **First Feeding After Birth** • Antibody uptake • First Hour of Birth • Quality of colostrum Mallorie’s Dairy, Inc., 2010 Land O’ Lakes, 2010 PSU, 2008

  13. Colostrum from other cows Further feeding Feeding After Birth • Effect on milk yield Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Cornell University, 2011b,c,d University of Minnesota Extension, 2011 Sirois, 2004

  14. Housing • Individual structures • Ventilation • Draft-free • Comfortable Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003b Starkey, et al., 2006 UK Agriculture, 2011 Curtis, et al, 1988

  15. Microenvironment (Farm) Hygiene Bedding Routine tasks Macroenvironment (Nature) NYS seasons Flooding Environment & Stress STRESS!

  16. Time of Weaning the Calf • Wean from mother • Wean from milk and housing Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Hilson & Westenbroek, 2003a

  17. NYSCHAP • New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program • Free service • Risk-assessment • Herd Plan NYSCHAP, 2009 Cornell University, 2011a

  18. Other Strategies • Iodine • Chores • Vaccinations • Record Keeping Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers, 2009

  19. Diseases and Pathogens of Interest Growing Notes, 2003

  20. Bacteria: E.coli Clostridium Salmonella Parasites: Cryptosporidia Giardia Virus: Rota-virus Corona-virus Gastrointestinal (GI) Pathogens Land O’ Lakes, 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011

  21. Mammary/Milk Transmitted Pathogens • Bacteria: • Salmonella • Infectious Mastitis • Mycoplasma Bovis (pneumonia) • Virus: • Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) • Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)

  22. Human ThreatsZoonoses • E.coli • Salmonella • Cryptosporidia • Giardia University of California, Davis, 1995 Traders City, 2009

  23. Cryptosporidia Giardia NYC Watershed Interest University of California, Davis, 1995 Collick, et al., 2006; Mark-Carew, et al., 2010 Gonzalez, 2002 Caduceus Newsletter, 2004

  24. Summary of Benefits Farms, Animals, Environment, & People

  25. Farms DECREASE INCREASE Cornell University, 2011d

  26. Animals • Farm animals • Pets • Wildlife Halliburton Farms, 2006

  27. Environment • Manure spreading • Pathogen runoff • Wildlife Free George, 2011

  28. People DECREASE INCREASE DEP, 2011

  29. Conclusion • MANAGEMENT • Record keeping • Recognition • Suggestions • Farm efforts Walker, 2010b

  30. Questions Penn State University, 2007

  31. Local Resources • Cornell Cooperative Extension of Delaware County • Website: http://www.ccedelaware.org/Home.aspx • Telephone: (607) 865-6531 • Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation District • Website: http://www.dcswcd.org/ • Telephone: 607-865-7161 • New York City Department of Environmental Protection • Website: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/home/home.shtml

  32. Additional Resources • New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program • http://nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/ • United States Department of Agriculture • Animal Disease Traceability:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/traceability/ • Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians • Author: Dennis M. McCurnin • Penn State University Cooperative Extension • http://extension.psu.edu/production-agriculture/dairy

  33. References • Catskill Watershed Corporation. (2005). A brief history. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://cwconline.org/about/ab_hist.html. • Circle of Blue. (2009). Infographic: Ten things you should know about water. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/waterinfo.pdf. • Collick, A.S., Fogarty, E.A., Ziegler, P.E., Walter, M.T., Bowman, D.D., and T. S. Steenhuis. (2006). Survival of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in calf housing facilities in the New York City watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 680-587. Doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0273. • Cornell University. (2011a, February). Healthy herds: Cattle health program helps herds and humans. ‘ScopesMagazine. Retrieved from http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/documents/Scopes_FEB11_FLtoPrint.pdf. • Cornell University. (2011b). 2011 Herd health and nutrition conferences. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/prodairy/HHNC/proceedings/2011CompleteProceedings.pdf. • Cornell University. (2011c). Interactions of health, disease, and nutrition in dairy calves. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.abc.cornell.edu/prodairy/HHNC/proceedings/HHNC2011.4.Nydam.pdf. • Cornell University. (2011d). Taking the long view: Treat them nice as babies and they will be better adults. • Curtis, C.R., Scarlett, J.M., Erb, H.N., White, M.E. (1988). Path model of individual-calf risk factors for calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York holstein herds. Preventative Veterinary Medicine, 6, 43-62. • Hilson, J., & T. Westenbroek. (2003a). Day one- Newborn calves. Calf Management Newsletter, 1(1), p. 1-2. • Hilson, J., & T. Westenbroek. (2003b). Replacement housing- young calves. Calf Management Newsletter, 1(3), p. 1-2. • Land O’ Lakes. (2010). Biosecurity in calf management. • Mark-Carew, M.P., Khan, Y., Wade, S.E., Schaaf, S. & H.O. Mohammed. (2010). Incidence of and risks associated with Giardia infections in herds on dairy farms in the New York City Watershed. ACTA Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52(44), p.1-8.

  34. References • Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental health (3rd ed.). Boston: Harvard University Press. • New York City Department of Environmental Protection [NYCDEP]. (2011). Regulatory background. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/regulatory_background.shtml • Pennsylvania State University. (2008). Calf health: Birth to weaning. Retrieved on April 14, 2011 from http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/capitalregion/newsletter/articles/df-200711-04 • Sirois, M. (2004). Principles and practice of veterinary technology (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, Inc. • Starkey, S.R., Kimber, K.R., Wade, S.E., Schaaf, S.L., White, M.E., & H.O. Mohammed. (2006). Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection on dairy farms in a New York State watershed. Journal of Dairy Science,89, 4229-4236. • United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2010). Filtration avoidance. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/nycshed/filtad.htm. • University of California, Davis. (1995). Cryptosporidium parvum and cattle: Implications for public health and land use restrictions. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/printPHP2.php • Watershed Agricultural council [WAC]. (2010a). East of Hudson. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nycwatershed.org/ag_eastofhudson.html. • WAC. (2010b). Watershed agricultural program 2009 annual report and 2010 workload for the New York City Catskill/Delaware and Croton Watersheds. Retrieved on April 12, 2011 from http://www.nycwatershed.org/pdfs/2009WAPannualReportCompressed.pdf.

  35. Image References • Caduceus Newsletter. (2004). Cryptosporidium. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/CadSu0402.htm. • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Clostridium perfringens. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/clostridium-perfringens.html. • Cheeseman, J. (2011). Croton lake gate house. New York City Department of Environmental Protection.Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/index.shtml. • Gonzalez, A. (2002). Giardia lamblia and giardiasis. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.sierranaturenotes.com/naturenotes/Giardia.htm • Growing Notes. (2003). E.coli. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://aerogreen.tripod.com/notes.htm • Halliburton Farms. (2006). Getting to you’re your new friend. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.britishwhite.com/powarchive12.htm • Jongo News. (2007). Severely polluted lakes and rivers in China. Retrieved on April 21, 2011 from http://www.jongonews.com/articles/07/0821/30781/MzA3ODEsRqd5Uv4.html • Kansas State University. (2003). Integrating biosecurity practices into livestock management production. Retrieved on May 16, 2011 from http://www.vet.ksu.edu/ce/archive/2003/biosecurity.htm • Mallorie’s Dairy, Inc. (2010). Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.malloriesdairy.com/photo_tour.htm. • Nicole, C. (2011). Rainbow over the east basin of the Ashokan Reservoir. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/index.shtml.

  36. Image References • NYSCHAP. (2009). Logo. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://nyschap.vet.cornell.edu/module/leukosis/section1/leukosis1.asp. • Penn State University. (2007). Calf management tips for cold weather. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/dairy-digest/articles/dd200712-04 • Southern Nevada Water Authority. (2011). Safe drinking water act. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.snwa.com/html/wq_sdwa.html. • Squash Blossom Farm. (2009). Jersey Calves. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://squashblossomfarm.blogspot.com/2009/04/jersey-calves.html. • The Free George. (2011). The fight for clean water: Agribiz vs. environmentalists. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://thefreegeorge.com/thefreegeorge/clean-water-agribiz-versus-environmentalists/. • Traders City. (2009). Cow manure. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.traderscity.com/board/products-1/offers-to-sell-and-export-1/cow-manure-fertilizer-exporters-indian-suppliers-79619/. • UK Agriculture. (2011). http://www.ukagriculture.com/livestock/calf_housing_health.cfm • University of Minnesota Extension. (2011). Clean feeding utensils help keep calves healthy. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www1.extension.umn.edu/dairy/calves-and-heifers/clean-feeding-utensils-help-keep-calves-healthy/index.html. • USEPA. (2005). Ag 101: Dairy production. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://www.p2pays.org/ref/02/01244/www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/printdairy.html.

  37. Image References • Walker, E. (2005). Feeding dairy calves. • Walker, E. (2010). Riverdale barn. • Welsh Lamb and Beef Producers. (2009). Welsh lamb & beef producers animal health plan. Retrieved on April 24, 2011 from http://healthplan.wlbp.co.uk/wlbp/AHPInfo.aspx.

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