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12.2 The Mongol Conquests

12.2 The Mongol Conquests. The Mongols, a nomadic people from the steppe, conquer settled societies across much of Asia. Nomads of the Asian Steppe. Geography of the Steppe Steppe—dry grassland of Eurasia—provides home for nomads.

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12.2 The Mongol Conquests

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  1. 12.2 The Mongol Conquests The Mongols, a nomadic people from the steppe, conquer settled societies across much of Asia.

  2. Nomads of the Asian Steppe • Geography of the Steppe • Steppe—dry grassland of Eurasia—provides home for nomads. • Two main expanses: Central Asia to eastern Europe, and Mongolia. • Steppe has little rain, dramatic seasonal temperature differences.

  3. Visual 1 of Asian steppes

  4. The Nomadic Way of Life • Steppe nomads are pastoralists—herd domesticated animals. • Way of life teaches Asian nomads to be skilled horse riders. • Nomads travel in clans—kin groups are linked by a common ancestor.

  5. Visual 2 nomadic tents

  6. Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies • Nomads and people living in settled communities often interact. • Some interactions are peaceful, as in trade. • Sometimes nomads raid towns and cities to seize wealth and goods. • Strong state or empire could protect its lands from these invasions.

  7. The Rise of the Mongols • Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols • About 1200, Genghis Khan—”universal ruler”—unites Mongols. • In early 1200s, he begins a campaign of conquest. • By 1225, Genghis Khan controls central Asia.

  8. Genghis the Conqueror • A brilliant organizer and strategist. • Uses brutality to terrorize his enemies and force surrenders.

  9. The Mongol Empire • Death and Succession • Genghis Khan dies in 1227. • Successors continue conquests for 50 years. • The Mongols conquer territory from China to Poland.

  10. The Khanates • In east, Mongols conquer northern China and invade Korea. • In west, Mongols take Kiev and threaten Vienna and Venice. • In 1250s, Mongols turn their attention to Persia. • By 1260, Mongol Empire split into khanates of four regions.

  11. Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) • Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) • Ilkhanate (Persia)

  12. The Mongols as Rulers • Mongol rulers are tolerant of other peoples and cultures. • Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to a split among khanates. • The Mongol Peace • Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s is called Pax Mongolica. • There was much east-west trade and exchange of ideas during this period.

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