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12.2 The Mongol Conquests

The Mongol Conquests were led by Genghis Khan, who united the Mongols around 1200 and initiated a campaign that transformed the landscape of Asia and beyond. Nomadic pastoralists from the Eurasian Steppe, the Mongols conquered vast territories from China to Europe, using innovative strategies and brutal tactics to assert dominance. This period saw the establishment of the Mongol Empire, which eventually split into several khanates, fostering trade and cultural exchange during the Pax Mongolica while maintaining a tolerant approach to diverse cultures.

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12.2 The Mongol Conquests

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  1. 12.2 The Mongol Conquests The Mongols, a nomadic people from the steppe, conquer settled societies across much of Asia.

  2. Nomads of the Asian Steppe • Geography of the Steppe • Steppe—dry grassland of Eurasia—provides home for nomads. • Two main expanses: Central Asia to eastern Europe, and Mongolia. • Steppe has little rain, dramatic seasonal temperature differences.

  3. Visual 1 of Asian steppes

  4. The Nomadic Way of Life • Steppe nomads are pastoralists—herd domesticated animals. • Way of life teaches Asian nomads to be skilled horse riders. • Nomads travel in clans—kin groups are linked by a common ancestor.

  5. Visual 2 nomadic tents

  6. Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies • Nomads and people living in settled communities often interact. • Some interactions are peaceful, as in trade. • Sometimes nomads raid towns and cities to seize wealth and goods. • Strong state or empire could protect its lands from these invasions.

  7. The Rise of the Mongols • Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols • About 1200, Genghis Khan—”universal ruler”—unites Mongols. • In early 1200s, he begins a campaign of conquest. • By 1225, Genghis Khan controls central Asia.

  8. Genghis the Conqueror • A brilliant organizer and strategist. • Uses brutality to terrorize his enemies and force surrenders.

  9. The Mongol Empire • Death and Succession • Genghis Khan dies in 1227. • Successors continue conquests for 50 years. • The Mongols conquer territory from China to Poland.

  10. The Khanates • In east, Mongols conquer northern China and invade Korea. • In west, Mongols take Kiev and threaten Vienna and Venice. • In 1250s, Mongols turn their attention to Persia. • By 1260, Mongol Empire split into khanates of four regions.

  11. Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) • Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) • Ilkhanate (Persia)

  12. The Mongols as Rulers • Mongol rulers are tolerant of other peoples and cultures. • Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to a split among khanates. • The Mongol Peace • Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s is called Pax Mongolica. • There was much east-west trade and exchange of ideas during this period.

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