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African Civilizations , 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700. African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms . Kuba ceremonial mask, Congo . NEXT. African Civilizations , 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700. Diverse Societies in Africa. SECTION 1.

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  1. African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700 African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms. Kuba ceremonial mask, Congo. NEXT

  2. African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700 Diverse Societies in Africa SECTION 1 SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Migration The Kingdom of Aksum SECTION 3 Map NEXT

  3. Section 1 Diverse Societies in Africa African peoples develop diverse societies as theyadapt to varied environments. NEXT

  4. SECTION 1 Diverse Societies in Africa A Land of Geographic Contrasts Geography of Africa • Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets Challenging Environments • Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara • The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel • Rainforests found near central part of continent Image Welcoming Lands • Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates •Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa Image NEXT

  5. SECTION 1 Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments Nomadic Lifestyle •Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers • Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures Image Transition to a Settled Lifestyle •Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C. •As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley • Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop NEXT

  6. SECTION 1 Early Societies in Africa Societies Organized by Family Groups •Extended families made up of several generations • Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans Local Religions • Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits Keeping a History •Few African societies have written languages •History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots • Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive NEXT

  7. SECTION 1 West African Iron Age Learning About the Past •Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past • Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C. The Nok Culture •Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture— made iron tools, weapons Image Djenné-Djeno •From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases •Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977 • Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes Image NEXT

  8. Section 2 Migration CASE STUDY: Bantu-Speaking Peoples Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa. NEXT

  9. SECTION 2 Migration CASE STUDY:Bantu-Speaking Peoples People on the Move Migration • Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture Causes of Migration • Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in Chart Effects of Migration • Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land Tracing Migration Through Language • One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread • Africa has many complex language families NEXT

  10. SECTION 2 Massive Migrations Bantu-speaking Peoples • Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language • Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria • The word Bantu means “the people” Image Migration Begins • Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C. • Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding • Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment Map Continued . . . NEXT

  11. SECTION 2 continued Massive Migrations Causes of Migration • Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara • Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting • Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa Effects of the Migration • Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others • Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures • Language helps unify the continent Image NEXT

  12. Section 3 The Kingdom of Aksum The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity. NEXT

  13. SECTION 3 The Kingdom of Aksum The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Map Aksum’s Geography • Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs • Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea • Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes The Origins of Aksum • Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 • Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea • Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with death of Haile Selassie Image Continued . . . NEXT

  14. SECTION 3 continued The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Aksum Controls International Trade • Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë • Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom • King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360 • He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen • In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground NEXT

  15. SECTION 3 An International Culture Develops Aksum Culture • Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites • Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian • Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome Aksumite Religion • Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him • Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors • Exposed to Christianity by traders Continued . . . NEXT

  16. SECTION 3 continued An International Culture Develops Aksum Becomes Christian • Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria • As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion • Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians Image Aksumite Innovations • Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams • Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location • Terraces—steplike ridges constructed on mountain slopes Image NEXT

  17. SECTION 3 The Fall of Aksum Islam • Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion • Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632 Islamic Invaders • Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone • In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline Aksum Isolated • As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia • Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power NEXT

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