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PERCEPTION OF MUSIC & LANGUAGE

PERCEPTION OF MUSIC & LANGUAGE. Music Perception. Musical notes Sounds of music extend across frequency range: 25 – 4200 Hz To increase by one octave double the frequency Intervals that sound good together have overlapping harmonic frequencies. Music Perception. Music Perception.

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PERCEPTION OF MUSIC & LANGUAGE

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  1. PERCEPTION OF MUSIC & LANGUAGE

  2. Music Perception • Musical notes • Sounds of music extend across frequency range: 25–4200 Hz • To increase by one octave double the frequency • Intervals that sound good together have overlapping harmonic frequencies Anthony J Greene

  3. Music Perception Anthony J Greene

  4. Music Perception • Tone height: A sound quality whereby a sound is heard to be of higher or lower pitch; monotonically related to frequency • Tone chroma: A sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval • Musical helix: Can help visualize musical pitch Anthony J Greene

  5. Music Perception • Rhythm: Not just in music • Lots of activities have rhythm: Walking, waving, finger tapping, heartbeat, breathing, etc. • More examples: Car, train rides Anthony J Greene

  6. Speech Perception • Cortical Areas For Speech Perception and Production • Phonemes • Articulation • Forment transitions • Speech Segmentation • Intonation & Prosidy Anthony J Greene

  7. Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area Anthony J Greene

  8. Aphasia • Broca's aphasics produce slow, halting speech that is rarely grammatical. They generally retain their vocabularies and have no difficulty naming objects or performing other meaning-related tasks. In general, they can deduce the meanings of sentences from general knowledge, but cannot understand sentences whose syntax is essential to their meaning. • Wernicke's aphasics are able to produce generally grammatical sentences, but they are often nonsensical and include invented words. Wernicke's aphasics show few signs of understanding others' speech, and have difficulty naming objects. Anthony J Greene

  9. Phonemes - The auditory components of speech • 43 Phonemes • An alphabet for spoken language -- non-decomposable • All sounds English words can be built from a combination of phonemes Anthony J Greene

  10. Articulation: Consonants 1 Place of articulation: • Lips: b, p, m • Alveolar ridge: d, t, n • Soft palate: g, k, ng Anthony J Greene

  11. Articulation: Consonants 2 Manner of Articulation: • Totally obstructed: b, p, d, t, g, k • Partially obstructed: s, z, f, v, th, sh • Slightly obstructed: l, r, w, y • Initially obstructed: ch, j • Nasals: n, m, ng Anthony J Greene

  12. Articulation: Consonants 3 Voicing: • Voiced: b, m ,z, l, r • Voiceless: p, s, ch Anthony J Greene

  13. Articulation: Vowels Anthony J Greene

  14. Recognizing Phonemes 1 Place ofarticulation: Front Middle Back Anthony J Greene

  15. Obstructed Unobstructed Recognizing Phonemes 2 Manner ofarticulation: Anthony J Greene

  16. Recognizing Phonemes 3 Voicing: Anthony J Greene

  17. Recognizing Phonemes Vowels Anthony J Greene

  18. Recognizing Phonemes Vowels Anthony J Greene

  19. Speech Segmentation • The problem of determining which phonemes are to be grouped into words before you know what has been said Anthony J Greene

  20. Anthony J Greene

  21. Speech Segmentation • Appears to be largely a function of context, learning common phoneme groupings, common segmentations and familiar phrases Anthony J Greene

  22. Speech Segmentation • Appears to be largely a function of context, learning common phoneme groupings, common segmentations and familiar phrases • "I owe you a yo-yo". "Mares eat oats and does eat oats, and little lambs eat ivy, a kid'll eat ivy too, wouldn't you?" Anthony J Greene

  23. Spectrogram: I owe you a yo-yo Anthony J Greene

  24. Speech Segmentation (cont.) • When speaking with someone who doesn't understand what you just said, or with a young child, we tend to put audible spaces between words in order to assist segmentation • Many errors of speech perception occur because of improper segmentation - " 'scuse me while I kiss the sky" - or with one phoneme shift -" 'scuse me while I kiss this guy". Anthony J Greene

  25. Intonation & Prosidy • Meaning is carried in intonation "Oh yeah, that course is Great" or "That's it, you're finished” • Prosidy is not only distinct behaviorally, but neuropsychologically as well Anthony J Greene

  26. Language Acquisition Discernable speech sounds require reinforcement:Retroflex Consonant Anthony J Greene

  27. Language Acquisition Anthony J Greene

  28. Universal Grammar • Critical Period • Human Specific Behavior • The structure of syntax: The case for generative grammar • Insufficiency of Experience • Creoles & ASL Anthony J Greene

  29. Associative Learning and Language • While language is a remarkable capacity, a predilection for language acquisition does not imply a “universal grammar” • Purely associative neural network models can learn language and do so remarkably similarly to humans Anthony J Greene

  30. Resolution of The Debate • Ethology: The Ecological Perspective for Learning: Conrad Lorenz • Prepared and Unprepared Learning • Nativism Vs. Empiricism Redux: Language acquisition, as with other learning is associative (empiricism),but occurs within systems adapted for certain types of acquisition (nativism) Anthony J Greene

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