Defining Representation and Mediation

1. Defining Representation and Mediation “Representation is a process of mediation” Discuss

3. To represent something is to describe or depict it, to call it up in mind by description or portrayal The media are in the business of describing things to us They represent people and types of people to us so that we end up feeling that we know what they are like We are often so used to this, that we take these kinds of representations for granted RepresentationDefine what representation is

4. 2. To represent also means to symbolise or stand for A representation is something that symbolises something else. Often there will be ideological values attached to this Sometimes individuals are used by the media to stand for a group of people or whole type of people RepresentationDefine what representation is

5. Representation is… • The constructed and mediated presentation of people, things, ideas, places • Representation is the process by which the media present the ‘real world’ • Most importantly to represent is to ‘re-present’

6. You can represent… • Individuals – Jade Goody (Big Brother, 2007) • Groups – Teenagers • Places – New York • Nations – Iran • Ideas – Religion/ the family • Regions/Location – North of England

7. What are important questions to ask? • WHO or WHAT is being represented? • HOW is the representation created? • WHO has created the representation? • WHY is the representation created in that way? What is the intention? • WHAT is the effect of the representation?

10. All of these conflicts were based on taboos, on the impossibility of co-existence, on a difference that separates rather than unites. By acknowledging these differences and prohibitions, the brand appeared more involved. It took sides, rather than presenting a simple “objective” portrayal of the world; it made a commitment to foster the cohabitation of opposites, to break down barriers and ensure dialogue. Benetton had a plan: to integrate opposites, to unite differences under a single flag, the flag of its own logo.

11. How are representations constructed? • Any representation is a mixture of: • The thing itself • The opinions of the people doing the representation* • The reaction of the individual to the representation* • The context of the society in which the representation is taking place*

13. So what’s mediation? • A representation is the final product after all of the decisions have been made. • Meaning is made in the construction of the representation and the combination of all the choices coming together (MEDIATION) in order for the audience to ‘read’ and interpret the information provided* • The selection process is: • The decision over what is chosen to be represented and what is rejected • The choices made when organising the representation • The options taken to focus the audience in a certain way, mediation always ends up with us, the audience being pushed towards concentrating on one aspect of the text and ignoring others

14. Audience Perceptions of Representations • Representations as Reflections (the reflective approach) • Representations as Deliberate Constructions (the intentional approach) • The Constructionist Approach

15. Representations as Reflections (the reflective approach) • Sometimes representations are assumed by an audience to simply replicate the real world • News • Documentaries • Reality TV • Soap Operas

16. Representations as Deliberate Constructions (the intentional approach) • Sometimes, representations are seen to be a deliberate attempt to create associations and ideas for the audience • Documentaries (Fahrenheit 9/11) • Advertising

17. The Constructionist Approach • Meanings are created by the relationship between the producers, the text and the audience: • The representation is constructed with a set of ideas and values (producer’s intent/ intended meaning) • The context of the representation is part of the representation (media language choices, anchorage, media form, placement/location, genre expectations) • The audience reacts to this representation and this depends on their own personal interpretational context: age, gender, political/religious beliefs, nationality, etc. (negotiated meaning)

18. The Constructionist Approach • Thinking about representation in this way takes into account the personal interpretations made by individuals and accepts that one representation may create different meanings for different audience members. This is a useful way to consider media texts – if the target audience for the text is taken into account when thinking about representations it can help with determining the different responses that texts can create.

19. TOP TIP • When discussing representations, you will need to consider HOW they are constructed through the media language choices made. However, you should also consider WHY they are created the way they are and impact of the representations, the meaning they create and the effect on the audience. • HOMEWORK:

20. Pressure (1976; dir. Horace Ové) • While watching Pressure please make notes on: • Representation of black people – is there difference between Tony who is black British and his parents, brothers and friends who are not Black British? • How are white people represented? • What evidence of racism is presented? • What is your view on how it felt to be a black person in Britain in the 1970s?