1. Taxonomy of Test Oracles Mudit Agrawal Course: Introduction to Software Testing, Fall ‘06 Software Testing, Fall 2006

2. Motivation • Shortcomings of automated tests (as compared to human ‘eye-ball oracle’) • Factors influencing test oracles • Environmental (private, global) variables • State (initial and present) of the program • Dependence on test case • What kind of oracle(s) are best suited for which applications?

3. Contents • Mutating Automated Tests – Challenges for test oracles • Generations of Automations and Oracles • Challenges for Oracles • Types of Oracles • Conclusion

4. Automated Tests • Advantages • No intervention needed after launching tests • Automatically sets up and/or records relevant test environment • Evaluates actual against expected results • Reports Analysis of pass/fail • Limitations: • Less likely to cover latent defects • Doesn’t do anything different each time it runs • Oracle is not ‘complete’

6. Limited by Test Oracle • ‘Predicting’ and comparing the results • Playing twenty questions with all the questions written down in advance! • Has to be influenced by • Data • Program State • Configuration of the system environment

7. Testing with the Oracle Source: Douglas Hoffman, SQM, LLC

8. Generations of Automation:First Generation Automation • Automate existing tests by creating equivalent exercises • Self verifying tests • Hard Coded oracles • Limitations • Handling negative test cases

9. Second Generation Automation • Automated Oracles • Emphasis on expected results – more exhaustive input variation, coverage • Increasing • Frequency • Intensity • Duration of automated test activities (load testing)

10. Second Generation continued… • Random selection among alternatives • Partial domain coverage • Dependence of system state on previous test cases • Mechanism to determine whether SUT’s behavior is expected • Pseudo random number generator • Test recovery

11. Third Generation Automation • Take into account knowledge and visibility • Software instrumentation • Multi-threaded tests • Fall back compares • Using other oracles

12. Third Generation continued… • Heuristic Oracles • Fuzzy comparisons, approximations • Diagnostics • Looks for errors • Performs additional tests based on the specific type of error encountered

13. Challenges for Oracles • Independence and completeness – difficult to achieve both • Independence from • Algorithms • Sub-programs, libs • Platforms • OS • Completeness in form of information • Comparing computed functions, screen navigations and asynchronous event handling • Speed of predictions • Time of Execution of oracle

14. Challenges for Oracle continued… • Better an oracle is, more complex it becomes • Comprehensive oracles make up for long test cases (DART paper) • More it predicts, more dependent it is on SUT • More likely for it to contain the same fault

15. Challenges for Oracle continued… • Legimitate oracle – an oracle that produces accurate rather than estimated outputs • Generates results based on the formal specs • What if formal specs are wrong? • Very few errors cause noticeable abnormal test termination

16. Source: An automated oracle for software testing

17. IORL – Input/Output Req. Lang. • Graphics based Language • Optimal representation between the informal requirements and the target code

18. Oracles for different scenarios • Transducers • That read an input sequence and produce and output sequence • Logical correspondence between I/O structures • e.g. native file format to HTML conversions in web applications • Solution – CFGs • System translates a formal specs of I/O files into an automated oracle

19. Embedded Assertion Languages[Oracles for different scenarios] • Asserts! • Problems: • Non-local assertions • Asserts for pre/post condition pairs with a procedure as a whole • e.g. asserts for each method that modifies the object state • State caching • Saving parts or all of ‘before’ values

20. Embedded Assertion Languages[Oracles for different scenarios] • Auxiliary variables • Quantification

21. Extrinsic Interface Contracts [Oracles for different scenarios] • Instead of inserting asserts within the program, checkable specs are kept separate from the implementation • Extrinsic specs are written in notations • Less tightly coupled with target programming language • Useful when source-code need not be touched

22. Pure Specification Languages [Oracles for different scenarios] • Problem with older approach: specs were not pure • Z and object-Z are model based specification languages • Describe intended behavior using familiar mathematical objects • Free of the constraints of the language

23. Trace Checking [Oracles for different scenarios] • Uses a partial trace of events • Such a trace can be checked by an oracle derived from formal specs of externally observable behavior

24. Types of Oracles Categorized based on Oracle-Outputs • True Oracle • Faithfully reproduces all relevant results • Uses independent platform, processes, compilers, code etc. • Lesser commonality => more confidence in the correctness of results • e.g. sin(x) [problem: how is ‘all inputs’ defined?

25. Types of Oracles continued… • Stochastic Oracle • Statistically random input selection • Error prone areas of the software are no more or less likely to be encountered • sin() – pseudo random generator to select input values

26. Types of Oracles continued… • Heuristic Oracle • Reproduces selected results for the SUT • Remaining values are checked based on heuristics • No exact comparison • Sampling • Values are selected using some criteria (not random) • e.g. boundary values, midpoints, maxima, minima

27. Types of Oracles continued… • Consistent Oracle • Uses results from one test run as the Oracle for subsequent runs • Evaluating the effects of changes from one revision to another

28. Comparison

29. Who wants to be a Millionaire?

30. Which category best describes GUI Testing? a. Heuristic b. Trace Checking c. Transducers d. None

31. Thanks!