1 / 47

Mammals of Botswana

Mammals of Botswana. FORS 5200-7200 International Wildlife Conservation. Mammalian Characteristics. Hair Mammary glands Enucleate erythrosytes Red-blood cells have no nucleus Determinate growth Endothermic temperature regulation Four-chambered heart Lower jaw consists of a single bone

licia
Télécharger la présentation

Mammals of Botswana

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mammals of Botswana FORS 5200-7200 International Wildlife Conservation

  2. Mammalian Characteristics • Hair • Mammary glands • Enucleate erythrosytes • Red-blood cells have no nucleus • Determinate growth • Endothermic temperature regulation • Four-chambered heart • Lower jaw consists of a single bone • Dentary bone • Three middle ear ossicles • Malleus, incus, stapes • Diphyodont dentilation • Two generations of teeth: deciduous and permanent

  3. Dentition

  4. Types of Dentition • All mammal teeth are Thecodont – set in sockets • Brachyodont – low crowned, omnivores & herbivores • Hypsodont – high crowned, herbivores • Prominent Cusp patterns: • Bunodont – quadrate with rounded cusps • Omnivores, primates, pigs • Lophodont – transverse ridges • Herbivores, elephants • Selenodont – crescent shaped ridges • Herbivores, antelope • Carnassial – blade-like cutting edges • Carnivores, Felids, Canids

  5. Carnassial Teeth

  6. Carnassial Teeth Incisors Molars Canines Pre-molars

  7. Types of Head Ornamentation • Antlers – are shed • Horns – are not shed • Used for defense, social status, sexual attraction, territory marking, etc. • Antlers – made entirely of bone, shed annually • Family Cervidae – elk, deer, caribou • True Horns – boney inner core with keratinized sheath • Family Bovidae – impala, kudu, cape buffalo, etc • Giraffe Horns – boney inner core with furred epithelium • Family Giraffidae – giraffes • Rhinoceros Horns – solid mass of keratinized epithelial fibers • Family Rhinocerotidae – white and black rhino

  8. Various forms of Head Ornamentation Antlers Horns

  9. Types of Locomotion • Cursorial – running • Ambulatory – walking • Saltatorial – hopping or jumping • Graviportal – locomotion in animals with large body sizes • Fossorial – burrowing underground • Arboreal – moving through trees • Aquatic – moving in the water • Aerial – true flight

  10. Foot Structures • Plantigrade – walking on the entire foot • Humans, primates, bears • Digitigrade – only the digits touch the ground, the heel and instep is raised • Felids and Canids • Unguligrade – adapted for running on the tips of the toes with enlarged nails (hooves) • Cervids and Bovids

  11. Foot Structures Continued • True ungulates – have hooves • Perissodactyla – odd-toed ungulates • Rhino, zebra, etc • Artiodactyla – even-toed ungulates • Antelope, buffalo, hippo, etc • Near-ungulates – have toenails • Plantigrade • Elephant, hyrax

  12. Digestive Systems • Hindgut fermenters • Digestion takes place in the stomach, then travels through the large intestine and ceacum. • Ruminants • Digestion takes place in four chambers: • Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

  13. Common Mammal Species

  14. Common Mammal Species • Order Hyracoidea • Family Procaviidae • Yellow-spotted Rock Hyrax - Heterohyrax brucei • Gest: 7 months, 2-3 young • Lifespan 12 years • Poor temperature regulation so huddle and bask • Order Lagomorpha • Family Leporidae • Scrub Hare - Lepus saxatilis • Gest: 77 days, 1 young • Lifespan 7 years • Practice coprophagy • Order Tubulidentata • Family Orycteropodidae • Aardvark - Orycteropus afer • Gest: 7 months, 1 young • Lifespan 18 years • Generally nocturnal • Myrmecophagy – feed on termites • Aardvark translates to “earth pig”

  15. Order Rodentia • Family Hystricidae • Porcupine - Hystrix africae-australis • Gest: 94 days, 1-3 young • Lifespan 15 years • Largest rodent in ZA • Will defend against predators by running backwards at attacker, quills standing • Feeds on roots and tubers • Porcupine translates to “quill pig” • Family Sciuridae • Tree squirrel - Paraxerus cepapi • Gest: 56 days, 1-3 young • Lifespan 8 years • Like to eat biscuits from the deck

  16. Order Primates • Family Cercopithecidae • Chacma Baboon - Papio ursinus • Gest: 6 months, 1 young • Lifespan 18 years • Oligarchy- social structure where a group of males dominant over the troop • Canine teeth can reach up to 2 inches • Have up to 30 vocalizations • Vervet Monkey - Cercopithecus aethiops • Gest: 5 ½ months, 1 young • Lifespan 12 years • Troop sizes from 10-20 • Reproducing males have “blue balls”

  17. Order Primates • Family Galagidae • Lesser Bushbaby - Galago senegalensis • Gest: 125-132 days, 2young • Lifespan 14 years • Nocturnal • Eye shine is golden yellow • Produces loud shrill cries • Can leap up to 20 feet from limb to limb

  18. Order Suiformes • Family Suidae • Warthog - Phacochoerus aethiopicus • Gest: 5 ½ months, 1-8 young • Lifespan 18 years • Live in burrows • Always back down into the hole (so don’t stand in front of ‘em!) • Males have 4 warts, females have 2 • Run with tails standing straight up • Bushpig - Potamochoerusporcus • Gest: 4 months, 3-4 young • Lifespan 15 years • Run with tail down

  19. Order Carnivora • Family Herpestidae • Banded Mongoose - Mungosmungo • Dwarf Mongoose - Helogaleparvula • Slender Mongoose - Herpestessanguineus • Gest: 60-63 days, 1-4 young • Lifespan 6-11 years • Various species live solitary or form groups of 12-15 • Both diurnal and nocturnal • Carnivorous • Nomadic through large home ranges

  20. Order Carnivora • Family Canidae • Black-backed Jackal - Canis mesomelas • Gest: 60 days, 1-6 young • Lifespan 10 years • Diurnal and nocturnal • Pack usually consists of two parents and young • Family Hyaenidae • Spotted Hyena - Crocuta crocuta • Gest: 90 days, 1-2 young • Lifespan 20 years • Matriarchy– social structure where females dominant • Females are larger than males • Mainly feed as scavengers, but will hunt at times

  21. Order Carnivora • Family Viverridae • Large-spotted Genet - Genettatigrina • Small-spotted Genet - Genettagenetta • Gest: 77 days, 2-4 young • Lifespan 13 years • Mainly nocturnal • Solitary except during breeding • Females tend to be more territorial • Family Nandiniidae • African civet - Civettictiscivetta • Gest: 60 days, 1-4 young • Lifespan 14 years • Largest anus relative to its body size • Uses civetry to mark territory

  22. Order Carnivora • Family Felidae • Lion - Panthera leo • Gest: 110 days, 1-4 young • Lifespan 10-14 years • Lions have historically symbolized power, courage, nobility • Males have thick manes • Social structure includes a pride of 5-10 females with a coalition of 2-3 males (usually brothers) • Females do 85% of the hunting • 50% of diet comes from scavenging

  23. Order Carnivora • Family Felidae • Leopard - Panthera pardus • Gest: 100 days, 2-3 young • Lifespan 21 years • Solitary • Primarily nocturnal • Territorial • Tend to store and eat prey in trees because lions and hyenas steal the catch

  24. Order Artiodactyla (Ruminantia) • Family Bovidae • Subfamily Bovinae • Cape Buffalo - Syncerus caffer • Gest: 11 months, 1 young • Lifespan 23 years • Form large herds • Poor sight and hearing, but make-up for it in smell

  25. Genus TragelaphusSpiral-horned Antelopes • Bushbuck - Tragelaphus scriptus • Gest: 6 months, 1 young • Lifespan 12 years • Relatively solitary • Nyala - Tragelaphus angasi • Gest: 7 ½ months, 1 young • Lifespan 15 years • Highly sexually dimorphic • Kudu - Tragelaphus strepsiceros • Gest: 9 months, 1 young • Lifespan 18 years • Horns can grow up to 72 inches with 2 ½ twists • Eland - Tragelaphus oryx • Gest: 9 months, 1 young • Lifespan 20 years • Largest antelope species in the world

  26. Genus TragelaphusSpiral-horned Antelopes • Bushbuck - Tragelaphus scriptus • Nyala - Tragelaphus angasi

  27. Genus TragelaphusSpiral-horned Antelopes • Kudu - Tragelaphus strepsiceros • Eland - Tragelaphus oryx

  28. Order Artiodactyla (Ruminantia) • Family Bovidae • Subfamily Antilopinae • Blue Wildebeest - Connochaetes taurinus • Gest: 9 months, 1 young • Lifespan 18 years • Also Black Wildebeest • Social structures include bachelor herds and territorial males with a group of females and offspring • Nomadic • In Makuleke, there are 4 females and one male

  29. Order Artiodactyla (Ruminantia) • Impala - Aepyceros melampus • Gest: 7 months, 1 young • Lifespan 12 years • Males have herds of females • Males mark their territory with middens • Scent gland above heels on hind legs • “M” markings on tail and back thighs • Generalists, able to adapt to various conditions • Both browsers and grazers • “MacDonald’s” of the bush

  30. Order Artiodactyla (Ruminantia) • Waterbuck - Kobus ellipsiprymnus • Gest: 9 months, 1 young • Lifespan 17 years • Stay close to water sources • White circle around backend • Oily secretions from skin make coat waterproof • Social structure consists of a group of individuals • Common Duikor – Sylvicapra grimmia • Gest: 7 months, 1 young • Lifespan 11 years • Though small, they are highly territorial

  31. Order Perissodactyla • Family Equidae • Plain's Zebra - Equus quagga • Gest: 375 days, 1 young • Lifespan 20 years • Stripes are for camouflage and thermoregulation • Harem – social structure consisting of a group of females and a dominant stallion

  32. Order Perissodactyla • Family Rhinocerotidae • White Rhino - Ceratotherium simum • Gest: 16 months, 1 young • Lifespan 40 years • Grazers – have a square lip • Run with young in front • More gregarious • Black Rhino - Deceros bicornis • Gest: 15 months, 1 young • Lifespan 40 years • Browsers – have a hooked lip • Run with young behind • More solitary • Rhino is the 2nd largest land mammal. • Both species have poor eyesight, but excellent smell and hearing.

  33. White Rhino - Ceratotherium simum • Black Rhino - Deceros bicornis

  34. Order Whippomorpha • Family Hippopotamidae • Hippopotamus - Hippopotamus amphibious • Gest: 8 months, 1 young • Lifespan 40 years • 3rd largest land mammal • Rely on water to keep cool in hot summer months, lack sweat glands • Adults can stay submerged for up to 6 minutes • Reside in mixed groups up to 15 with a territorial male • Graze on grass at night • Hippopotamus translates to “river horse”

  35. Order Proboscidea • Family Elephantidae • African Elephant - Loxodonta Africana • Gestation: 22 months • 1 young weighing 25o lbs at birth • Lifespan 50-60 years • Largest terrestrial land mammal • Weight & shoulder height: • Males—up to 6000kg (6 tons), 3-4m • Females—3000 to 3500kg (3-3.5 tons), 2.5m

  36. Male vs. Female

  37. Male vs. Female Round forehead vs. Square forehead

  38. Physical Characteristics Ears Tusks Skin Trunk Feet

  39. Physical Characteristics • Tusks—modified upper incisors • Used for defense, acquisition of food • Trunk—fused extension of top lip and nose • Two “prehensile fingers” at tip • Ears—the bigger the better for hearing • Aid in regulation of body temperature • Skin—gray & thick covered with tiny hairs • Paper thin on ears to 2.5cm thick on back • Feet—Graviportal locomotion • 5 toenails front feet, 4 toenails back feet

  40. Behavior • Breeding herds—led by Matriarch • Mother & offspring • Daughters & offspring • Average range 2-24 individuals (up to 40+) • Males • Leave the family unit after 12-15 years • Join bachelor herds with other bulls • 2-14 individuals • Solitary during musth • Homerange averages 75km2

  41. Small Breeding Herd

  42. Large Breeding Herd

  43. Bachelor Herd

  44. Solitary Bull in Musth

  45. Diet • Herbivores • Grass, tree leaves & bark, vines, shrubs • Daily intake 4-6% of body weight • One bull eats 300kg food per day • Digestion is not efficient • 44% assimilated • 150kg excreted daily • Water intake • One bull drinks 227 liters per day

  46. Questions? Countdown to South Africa: less than 40 days…

  47. Next week: BIRDS!

More Related