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Working in America

Employment, Labor and Wages. Working in America. Labor Market. “Labor” refers to people with all their abilities and efforts; one of four factors of production, does not include the entrepreneur.

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Working in America

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  1. Employment, Labor and Wages Working in America

  2. Labor Market • “Labor” refers to people with all their abilities and efforts; one of four factors of production, does not include the entrepreneur. • A labor market is a market like any other, consisting of buyers and sellers and governed by the laws of supply and demand.

  3. History of Labor Unions • Labor Unions are organizations that work for its members’ interests concerning pay, working hours, health coverage, fringe benefits and other job related matters. • Small, unsuccessful labor unions existed during colonial times. • The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869 was the first successful labor union. It was a union of railroad workers and eventually failed. • The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded by cigar maker Samuel Gompers in 1881. It was a union of skilled workers.

  4. History of Labor Unions • The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was founded by John L. Lewis in 1938 for semi-skilled and unskilled workers. • The AFL and CIO merged in 1955, creating the organization known today as the AFL-CIO. • Business and government have historically been opposed to unions. • Today, approximately 14% of American workers belong to unions.

  5. Tools of Labor Unions • Collective Bargaining • fact finding • mediation • arbitration • Strike • Picketing • Boycott • Slowdown • Sick-out

  6. Management Tools • Lockout • Injunction • Strikebreakers, “Scabs” • Political Activity • Public Relations

  7. Laws Affecting Labor Unions • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): exempts unions from antitrust suits and gives labor the right to strike, picket, and organize a boycott. • Norris-La Guardia Act (1932): guarantees the right of a worker to join a union and engage in normal union activities; outlaws contracts prohibiting employees from joining unions.

  8. Laws Affecting Labor Unions • Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act (1935): guarantees workers the right to form unions and bargain collectively; established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB.) • Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): established minimum wage, maximum workweek and restricts child labor. • Taft-Hartley Act/ Labor Management Relations Act (1947): reversed some earlier union gains by prohibiting closed shops; allows states to enact right-to-work laws. • Landrum-Griffin Act (1959): passed in an effort to prevent corrupt union practices.

  9. Problems Facing Unions • Decline in Union membership due to an increase in white collar workers • A decrease in blue collar jobs • Strikes • Layoffs • Corruption • Political Activity

  10. Labor and Wages • The Traditional Theory of Wages states that the supply and demand for a worker’s skills and services determines the wage or salary. • The Theory of Negotiated Wages states that organized labor’s bargaining strength is a factor that helps determine wages. • The Signaling Theory states that employers are willing to pay more for people with certificates, diplomas, degrees and other indicators, or “signals” of superior ability. • Minimum wage and regional wage differences also affect how much people earn. • There is a clear relationship between education and earnings.

  11. The Changing Labor Force

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