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BACC COSC6212

BACC COSC6212. Learning Unit 2 The theoretical foundation and principles of internal persuasion. The link between persuasion and motivation (De Wet 2913:40).

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BACC COSC6212

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  1. BACC COSC6212 Learning Unit 2 The theoretical foundation and principles of internal persuasion

  2. The link between persuasion and motivation(De Wet 2913:40) People are influenced by different things and a persuader needs to find out why and when you need to persuade. Motivation is the reason for action. The THREE (3) PROCESS PREMISES are: • Needs – the needs of the persuadee will lead them to be persuaded, e.g. I need a new car, thus a motor manufacturer can persuade me to buy his brand by exploiting that need • Attitudes – a person’s feelings towards a subject or issue. E.g. You are in favour of the death penalty; or against abortion • Consistency – people want to feel secure; that their lives are predictable and has stability

  3. Source: Pretoria News, 9 March 2011:16

  4. Packard’s eight (8) hidden NEEDS(De Wet 2013:40-41) Needs (that which has to be satisfied from time to time) make people susceptible to persuasion. Emotional security Affirmation of value Ego satisfaction Creative outlets Love objects Sense of power Need of roots Immortality

  5. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs(De Wet 2013:41-42) Basic (or physiological) needs are at the bottom, because these are people’s most powerful needs and only when these bread-and-butter needs are satisfied can people attend to other, higher needs.

  6. Difference between ATTITUDES and OPINIONS(De Wet 2013:43) • An attitude is a feeling a person has towards another person, subject or event. It can be negative or positive (direction) or intense or mild (level of intensity) • An opinion is governed by an attitude and is a response to questions that do not anticipate a factual answer (verbal). E.g. I have a negative attitude towards mathematics, thus, if someone ask me to calculate something, my opinion will be that mathematics is stupid.

  7. Consistency: Consonance vs. Dissonance(De Wet 2013:43-44)

  8. Seven (7) types of evidence(De Wet 2013:44-45) • Primary- or Secondary evidence • Written- or Unwritten evidence • Real- or Personal evidence • Lay- or Expert evidence • Prearranged- or Casual evidence • Dramatic- or Rational evidence • Direct- or Indirect evidence

  9. Larson’s ten (10) tips when providing evidence (i.e. things to keep in mind)(De Wet 2013:45-46)

  10. Five (5) types of reasoning used in a persuasive argument(De Wet 2013: 46-47) Persuasive arguments show evidence that can connect through reasoning to lead an audience to change their minds. Evidence Sign of proof. Reasoning Logical thinking. TYPES OF REASONING: • Inductive reasoning – Moves from particular to general, e.g. Rise in crime in Gauteng, thus rise in crime in South Africa • Cause-to-effect reasoning – When A happens, B will follow, e.g. if you drink too much, you will get drunk

  11. Criteria-to-application reasoning – Researching the criteria that would make a ‘product’ the best choice and then applying their support to that ‘product’, e.g. Omo has been found to be the best for your whites, thus the researcher supports using Omo • Deductive reasoning – Moves from general to particular, e.g. Rise in crime in South Africa, thus rise in crime in Gauteng • Reason from comparison – Looking at similar events and comparing them, e.g. in ABSA low employee morale led to a strike, the same happened in Standard Bank. Thus, Nedbank’s low employee morale could likely lead to a strike • Effect-to-cause reasoning – Reasoning from the end results and working back to the cause, e.g. There is low morale in an organisation (effect), due to miscommunication from management (cause) • Reason from example – Persuaders looking at a series of symptoms and draw a conclusion, e.g. in an organisation there might be a lot of sick leave and people taking their annual leave, these are symptomatic of low morale

  12. Inductive- vs. Deductive reasoning(De Wet 2013:46) Deductive reasoning: from general to specific Inductive reasoning: from specific to general

  13. Three (3) elements of credibility What is credibility? “The quality of being believable or worthy of trust…” (www.freedictionary.com) Credibility revolves around a communicator’s seeming expertness (1) (intelligence (1) and knowledge of the subject (1)), trustworthiness (1) (a reputation of being honest (1)) and goodwill (1) (i.e. having the recipient’s best interests at heart (1)) towards a recipient. Also, language (1), message development (1), common sense (1) and sincerity (1) contribute to the source’s credibility.

  14. Discuss:Do these personalities have credibility? Why/ why not? (refer to the elements of credibility) Angelina Jolie Desmond Tutu Jacob Zuma Oprah Winfrey Source: www.google.com/image

  15. Verbal- and non-verbal messages in persuasion(De Wet 2013: 51) Verbal communication concerns the words used in persuasive messages; non-verbal messages (no words used, including kinesics, haptics, proxemics, etc.) can contradict, repeat, regulate, substitute, accentuate or compliment verbal messages – thus, non-verbal communication can affect persuasive outcomes.

  16. Five (5) ways non-verbal messages affect persuasion(De Wet 2013:51) • Non-verbal messages look like what they mean • Non-verbal messages subtly or implicitly reveal the truth • Non-verbal messages rely heavily on social context • Individual mannerisms (non-verbal) have to be considered • Non-verbal messages rely heavily on cultural contexts

  17. PARALINGUISTICS can affect a persuasive message(De Wet 2013:54) Definition: Paralanguage is language (non-verbal) over-and-above language (words used). E.g. the pitch, volume, pace, etc., which contextualise a message. An example of how paralanguage can be used to persuade an audience is when a speaker shouts information at their audience, the audience will be less inclined to accept the message (as shouting is contextualised as being rude)

  18. Example: How McGuire’s Inoculation Theory can be used to resist persuasive messages Refer to McGuire’s Inoculation Theory covered in LU1 (#22; De Wet 2013:22). Inoculation, here, means to expose people to arguments against their beliefs and attitudes and then refuting those arguments. E.g. Mr. Marchant will highlight the benefits of effective communication in an organisation (i.e. strengthening your attitudes and beliefs); he then list the reasons why ‘separate but equal’ is a bad idea (an argument against your beliefs being refuted).

  19. * Learning Theories: Classical Conditioning vs. Skinner’s Behaviourism(De Wet 2013:60-61)

  20. * Learning Theories: Social Learning Theory(De Wet 2013: 61-62) People change because of their interaction with one another. E.g. We learn how to behave in class, because we look at how people in our social group behaves in a class.

  21. @ Consistency Theories: Balance Theory vs. Congruency Theory(De Wet 2013:62-63)

  22. @ Consistency Theories: Cognitive (i.e. psychological) Dissonance (i.e. discomfort) Theory(De Wet 2013:63-64) A moral dilemma – it refers to the feeling of discomfort caused by conflicts or inconsistencies between a person’s attitudes and/ or behaviour. E.g. If I steal something, it will be behaviour that would contradict my belief (that stealing is wrong). I will be easily persuaded by my friend to do the right thing and hand myself over to the police.

  23. # Social Judgement-Involvement Theory(De Wet 2013: 64-65) This theory describes two (2) components: (i) anchor points (i.e. making judgements based on internal anchors, e.g. trust) and (ii) ego involvement (i.e. making decisions based on whether something applies to you and how strongly you feel about it – e.g. women might be more vocal about equal rights policies)

  24.  The Elaboration Likelihood Theory (ELT)(De Wet 2013:65-66) This theory describes how people are persuaded by messages they think about (thus, elaborate on) – i.e. people are motivated to hold correct attitudes, which they contextualise (whether it is relevant to them or not). In ELT, the two (2) routes to persuasion are: i) central (the person considers the argument carefully and critically); andii) peripheral (the person does not critically or carefully consider the argument, but agree/ disagree with it based on whether it is pretty or some other superficial elements)

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