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ENF for Serializing Graphs in XML

This paper presents a novel approach for serializing graphs into XML using Element Normal Form (ENF). By focusing on the use of elements rather than attributes, the proposed method effectively preserves the structure of the original graph, allowing for accurate reconstruction. The document outlines design goals emphasizing readability and simplicity, alongside practical examples of serialized graph structures. It discusses the integration of ENF with various XML technologies like XSL and XQuery, highlighting its role in data interchange and information integration across heterogeneous systems.

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ENF for Serializing Graphs in XML

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  1. ENF for Serializing Graphs in XML Matthew Yu Tak Chiu Raghuram Sivalanka Sujith Surendran

  2. ENF ,Graphs,XML • XML • A Standard for exchanging data • Element Normal Form • XML using elements rather than attributes • Serialize graphs of data to XML while preserving structure(so that it can be reconstructed)

  3. Design Goals • Readable,Simple • XML 1.0 • Simple Query Model • Map to other syntax families

  4. Graphs,Nodes,Arcs,Values

  5. Terminology • Simple Node • Compound Node • Value of a Node • Single, Multi-reference • Independent Elements • Embedded elements

  6. Serialization • Root Element – a container • Independent Elements are Nodes • Embedded elements are Arcs • Value of node becomes content of element • Arc can contain the value of the node it points to or can have a reference • References use ID attribute

  7. Example Graph

  8. <School> <Address id="Address-3"> <street>28 Campus Drive #103</street> <city>Unicity</city> <state>CA</state> </Address> <Course id="Course-19"> <name>Western Civilization</name> <taughtBy href="#Teacher-83"/> </Course> <Student id="Student-30006"> <name>Raphael</name> <parentaddr> <street>950 Greenhill Rd</street> <city>Mill Valley</city> <state>CA</state> </parentaddr> <dormaddr href="Address-3"/> <attends href="#Course-19"/> </Student> <Teacher id="Teacher-83"> <name>Thorsten</name> </Teacher> </School> Example Serialization

  9. 1:1 Relationship <Student> <name>Alice</name> <attends> <name>Greek</name> </attends> </Student>

  10. 1:many <Teacher id="Teacher-1"> <name>Alice</name> <teaches dt:type='course'> <name>Greek</name> </teaches> <teaches dt:type='danceClass'> <name>Rhumba and More!</name> </teaches> </Teacher>

  11. <Student id="Student-1"> <name>Alice<name> <attends href="#Course-1"/> <attends href="#Course-2"/> </Student> <Student id="Student-2"> <name>Bob<name> <attends href="#Course-2"/> <attends href="#Course-3"/> </Student> <Course id="Course-1"> <name>Greek</name> <attendee href="Student-1"/> </Course> <Course id="Course-2"> <name>English History</name> <attendedBy href="Student-1"/> <attendedBy href="Student-2"/> </Course> <Course id="Course-3"> <name>Physics</name> <attendedBy href="Student-2"/> </Course> Many to Many

  12. Mapping other syntax • Easy to convert ENF back to graph • Other syntax eg. Uses attributes,no ids • 2 approaches • Encode mappings in schema/DTD • Use XSL to transform to ENF

  13. Converting UML • Similar to graph serialization • UML types correspond to node labels • Properties correspond to edge labels and so are Relations • Property always a single reference. Relation can be multi-reference as well

  14. Serializing RDF • RDF provides a simple graph based data model and XML syntax • RDF developed as an interchange for Web metadata. • Any RDF graph can be serialized with ENF • ENF can be used for web metadata interchange as well

  15. ENF and Information Integration • Databases serialized in ENF • A common ground for heterogeneous clients and data sources • XML,XPATH,XQuery,XSL • Using XML technologies for an Information Integration system

  16. Conclusion • Powerful tool to transfer complex structured data • Simple, conforms to XML 1.0 • Semantic view of data, independent of implementation • Duplicates information, verbose • Some serializations cannot be expressed with DTD/schema • Can lose constraints on data

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