Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 Phrases & Clauses

2. 20.1 – Prepositional Phrases • Prepositional Phrase – a group of words made up of a preposition and a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition). • Prepositional phrases can modify other words by functioning either as adjectives or as adverbs within the sentence.

3. 20.1 Prepositional Phrases • Adjective Phrase – is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. • Mary took lunch in a box. • The mansion across the road has been abandoned. • Let’s take the picture of the Eiffel Tower. • France is a country with many charms. • We bought tickets for the trip to Paris.

4. 20.1 Prepositional Phrases • Adverb Phrase – is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb by pointing out where, when, in what way, or to what extent. • She ran with speed. • They were happy at the French café. • The Loire Valley is rich in historical buildings. • The French exchange student arrived late for class. • In the afternoon, we walked to Notre Dame.

5. 20.1 Prepositional Phrases • France is situated above the Iberian Peninsula. • During an avalanche, an alpine village vanished. • The painting of the palace in the museum is old. • The runner dashed past the spectators. • France has miles of coastline. • A French painting of great beauty hung in the palace. • They gave the students on the bus a tour.

6. 20.1 Appositives • Appositive – is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it. • They generally immediately follow the words they identify, rename, or explain. • Commas – if set off by commas they are nonessential to the sentence. If they don’t have commas then they are essential to the sentence. • Her greatest attribute, charm, was not enough. • The artist Monet was a great French painter. • Jacques, our guide, told us about French People.

7. 20.1 Appositives • Appositive Phrase – is a noun or pronoun with modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun to add information and details. • The modifiers within an appositive phrase can be adjective, adjective phrases, or other groups of words functioning as adjectives. • Amethyst, a purple birthstone, is the gem for February. • Ernest Hemingway, a famous author, wrote in a terse style. • The chef prepared escargots, a small dish. • Store the onions in the cellar, a cool, dry place.

8. 20.1 Verbal Phrases - Participles • Participle – is a form of a verb that can act as an adjective. • Present participle – verbs ending in –ing (walking) • Past participle – verbs ending in –ed (walked) • Answer the questions what kind or which one about the nouns or pronouns that they modify. • The hiker favored his aching ankle. • Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work. • Irma’s shining eyes betrayed her excitement.

9. 20.1 Verbal Phrases • Verb or Participle? • Verbs show action, a condition, or that something exists while a Participle acts like an adjective a modifies a noun or pronoun. • The god is snarling at the plumber. • The snarling dog attacked the plumber. • Delighted, the audience applauded. • The mimes delighted their audience. • The French people have experienced increasing prosperity since the 1940’s.

10. 20.1 Participial Phrases • Participial Phrases – a participle modified by an adverb or adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective. • Traveling quickly, we saw much of the French countryside. • The tourist, confused by the signs, got lost. • The boy standing by the bus stop is Craig. • The mural painted in 1497 is almost beyond repair. • Painted in 1497, the mural is Leonardo’s masterpiece. • There is Craig, standing by the bus stop.

11. 20.1 Gerunds • Gerund – form of a verb that acts like a noun • Eating is my favorite pastime in France. • The French people make visiting a pleasure. • Mr. Mendoza’s lecture gave traveling a new dimension. • Brandy’s profession, advertising, is very competitive. • Their well-behaved dog showed signs of careful training.

12. 20.1 Gerund Phrases • Gerund Phrase – is a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a noun. • Arguing about grades will get you nowhere. • Answering quickly is not always a good idea. • Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem. • The French teacher tried giving her students praise.

13. 20.1 Verbs, Participle or Gerund? • Words ending in –ing that act as nouns are gerunds. They don’t have helping verbs, nor do they act as adjectives. • Kevin is yawning at his desk. • The yawning boy was very tired. • Yawning is contagious. • Reading is a popular pastime. • Reading newspapers and magazines, the commuter waited for the metro.

14. 20.1 Infinitives • Infinitive – a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. • When they are used as a noun, they can be used in any part of a sentence (just like a gerund). • To understand requires maturity and acceptance. • The peasants of France decided to rebel. • The French soldier’s only hope was to surrender. • Our flight from Paris was about to leave. • You have only one choice, to stay. • The children showed a willingness to cooperate. • Some people were unable to fight.

15. 20.1 Infinitive Phrases • Infinitive Phrase – an infinitive with modifiers, complements, or a subject, all acting together as a single part of speech. • Jeffrey’s entire family likes to rise early. • To skate on the ice without falling was not easy for him. • He hated to leave the city of Lyon. • They promised to show us the slides from their trip to France. • I would like her to determine her own goals.

16. 20.1 Infinitive or Prepositional Phrase • Prepositional Phrase – always ends with a noun or pronoun. • Infinitives – always end with a verb. • The French soldier listed to the command. • The general’s purpose in the army is to command. • When I am in Paris, I like to drive. • I travel is very easy in France. • There are many different ways to tour. • The subway will take you to every part of the city.

17. 20.2 Clauses • Independent Clause – can stand by itself as a complete sentence. They contain both a subject and verb. • That woman teaches Latin. • Mudslides will engulf these hillside villas, and some will be ruined. • Subordinate Clause – although it has a subject and verb, it cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence; it can only be part of a sentence. • Brian asked to be excused from studying because he was ill. • The woman to whom I introduced you teaches Latin. • Unless the rain stops soon, mudslides will engulf these hillside villas.

18. 20.2 Adjective Clauses • Adjective Clause – is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. • They usually begin with a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, or whose) or a relative adverb (before, since, when, where, or why). All of these words relate the clause to the word it modifies. • I finished reading the book that you loaned me. • We gave the story, which we found fascinating, a second read.

19. 20.2 Adjective Clauses • Keep in mind the idea of essential vs. nonessential when looking at the subordinate clauses. • Spring is the time when peppers make their shrill evening sound. • Our trip to Italy ended with a visit to the town where my parents were born. • Jean McCurdy, who studied three hours every evening for a month, won the statewide competition. • The Roman Empire, which achieved greatness, had humble beginnings.

20. 20.2 Adjective Clauses • Relative Pronouns & Adverbs – even though they connect the adjective clauses to the word that they modify, they also play a role within their clause. • An introductory word can be understood. • The movie that is playing now is a comedy. • Clause – that is playing now • Subject - _____ Verb - _______ • The movie we saw last night was a documentary. • Clause – (that) we saw last night • Subject - _____ Verb - _______ Direct Object - ______ • The movie in which Tony appeared was a hit. • He is an actor whose work I admire. • I remember the day when they began filming.

21. 20.2 Adverb Clauses • Adverb Clause – modify verbs, adjective, adverbs, or verbals by telling where, when, in what way, to what extent, under what condition, or why. • All adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. • Tricia seemed happy wherever she was. • Faster than the eye could follow, the race car sped away. • Drive a car if you do not wave a license is illegal. • Laughing until he gasped for breath, Fred could not speak. • Before the year was over, Caesar made plans to march into Rome.

22. 20.2 Adverb Clauses • Elliptical Adverb Clause – is a clause in which the verb or subject and verb are understood but not actually stated. • She resembles their father more than he. • She resembles their father more than him. • My little brother is now as tall as I. • The story appealed to me more than them. • The tour was more exhausting than informative.

23. 20.2 Noun Clauses • Noun Clause – is a subordinate clause that acts as a noun. • In a sentence, a noun clause may act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of the preposition, or appositive. • Whoever is last must pay a penalty. • Please invite whomever you want. • His manner gave whoever met him a shock. • Our problem is whether we should stay here or leave. • Use the money for whatever purpose you chose. • The occupied country rejected our plea that orphans be cared for by the Red Cross.