Mystery University Educational Psychology

1. Mystery UniversityEducational Psychology Theories of Intelligence MariyaYukhymenko Department of Educational Psychology

2. Intelligence! • How would you define intelligence? • Can you recall any names of psychologists who have studies intelligence? • What would you like to know about intelligence? Adopted from http://www.cartoonstock.com

3. Overview • Why Study Intelligence? • Intelligence Defined • Major psychologists who have studies intelligence • Theories of intelligence • Stenberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Something more to consider • Intelligence as Speed of Processing • Neuroscience and Intelligence • Intelligence and Learning • IQ testing • What do you think: Intelligence and…

4. Why Study Intelligence? • Intelligence is the most significant individual difference • Intelligence theory and testing is widely used in decision making • Education, job selection, etc • Intelligence lies beneath all aspects of human development and learning

5. How would you define intelligence? Adopted from preschools4all.com

6. Definitions of Intelligence • " The ability to carry out abstract thinking." (Terman, 1921) • "The capacity to acquire capacity." (Woodrow, 1921) • "A global concept that involves an individual's ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment." (Wechsler, 1958) • "A person possesses intelligence insofar as he had learned, or can learn, to adjust himself to his environment." (Colvin, cited in Sternberg, 1982) • "Intelligence is the ability to use optimally limited resources - including time - to achieve goals." (Kurzweil, 1999) • "Intelligence is what you do when you don't know what to do." (unknown) http://wilderdom.com/personality/L1-4Definitions.html

7. From What We Have Already Learned, can you name any scholars who contributed to the development of intelligence theories?What was their contribution?

8. From What We Have Already Learned • Alfred Binet – the father of IQ testing (early 1900) • Lewis Terman – revised Binet’s test to allow comparison of intellectual functioning among individuals (1910s) • Charles Spearman – “two-factor” theory of intelligence: general and special abilities (1920s) • Louis Leon Thurstone – 7 “primary mental abilities” (1930s) • Raymond Cattell – fluid and crystallized intelligence (1960s) • Jean Piaget – intelligence as an adaptation or assimilation (1960s) • Lev Vygotsky – process activity rather than a state entity (1970s) • Robert Stenberg – triarchic theory of intelligence (1970s - present) • Howard Gardner – multiple intelligences (1980s – present)

9. Adopted from teachinghighschoolpsychology.blogspot.com

10. Theories of Intelligence • Stenberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Something more to consider: • Intelligence as Speed of Processing • Neuroscience and Intelligence

11. Stenberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Bases on Spearman’s general ability and information processing components Adopted from http://wilderdom.com/ • Three subcategories or subtheories: • Analytical (componential) • Creative (experiential) • Practice (contextual) Stenberg 1977, 1985, 1995

12. What each component holds?

13. What each component holds?

14. Measuring Creative Intelligence • How would you measure creative intelligence? Adopted from http://www.cartoonstock.com

15. Measuring Practical Intelligence • How would you measure practical intelligence? • Sternberg and Wagner’s test measures if you: • Are you able to write effective memos? • Can you motivate other people? • Do you know when to delegate? • Can you read other people (non-verbal language)?

16. Why intelligent people fail? • Your thoughts? • Conventional intelligence tests do not tell us about performance; intelligence must be linked to real-life success (Stenberg, 1986) • Lack of motivation • Lack of perseverance • Lack of impulse control • Procrastination • Fear of failure • Inadequate level of self-efficacy Adopted from http://www.cartoonstock.com

17. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • People have multiple, distinct, intelligences, rather than a general ability to perform all tasks (Gardner, 1983, 1993, 1999) Adopted from stjosephsps.org

18. Gardner’s Five “Signs” of Intelligence • Neuropsychological • Can intelligence be isolated neuropsychologically? • Existence exceptionally talented individuals • Can an individual be competent in one domain but not others? • Developmental evidence • Can an individual reach an expert end-state but lacking basic manifestations? • Experimental evidence • Can you perform two tasks at the same time? Autonomous operation? • Psychometric evidence • Factor analysis shows two groups in intelligence: verbal and spatial

19. Gardner’s Seven Intelligences • Linguistic Intelligence • Logical-Mathematic Intelligence • Spatial Intelligence • Musical Intelligence • Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence • Intrapersonal Intelligence • Interpersonal functioning • What abilities do these additional intelligences involve? • What intelligences are essential for your field of study/major?

20. Gardner’s Additional “Candidates” • Naturalistic intelligence (proposed by Gardner in 1999) • Spiritual Intelligence • Existential intelligence • What abilities do these additional intelligences involve?

21. What are possible Strengths and Flaws of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory? • Your thoughts? • […] • Strengths: • Explaining individual differences of mental performance • Based in educational and developmental evidence • Flaws: • No scientific evidence • Does not meet definition criteria: these intelligences are not sufficient for adaptation • Does not explain the reasons why some individuals are more intelligent • Are these intelligences or just “abilities”?

22. Class Debate: Can a machine be intelligent? • Computers can master many tasksthat humans perform • Chess computer game beats Grand Masters • Speed of processing • Important criteria for intelligence • Can a machine meet Gardner’s criteria of intelligence? • Are these criteria valid? • Is a rock intelligent? Is a fish intelligent? Is a dog intelligent? Is a machine intelligent? • Where is the borderline?

23. Intelligence as Speed of Processing • Are intelligent people faster at retrieving and processing information? • Correlation between IQ and: • Inspection time • Reaction time • Evoked potentials Deary and Stough, 1996 • Theory of Minimal Cognitive Architecture • Knowledge is obtained through thinking • Thinking is constrained by the speed of processing info Anderson, 1999

24. Neuroscience and Intelligence • Is there relationship between brain size and intelligence? • In animal world, the ratio of brain to body weights does correlate with intelligence • Human population? • Correlation between brain size and a number of cognitive measures Witelson, Beresh, Kigar (2006) • Intelligence arises from neural network in the frontal and parietal lobes of brain regions Haierand Jung (2007)

25. IQ Test Adopted from http://www.cartoonstock.com

26. Intelligence Quontient (IQ) • IQ scores reflect ability to perform intellectual tasks • i.e. solving verbal and mathematical problems • Who was the farther of the IQ test? • What is the average IQ score?

27. Understanding and Interpreting IQ Adopted from http://www.3f68.com/google3/iqtest/

28. IQ Relation to Educational Level Adopted from http://hem.bredband.net/b153434/Index.htm

29. Is there association between intelligence and learning? Adopted from http://www.huntel.net

30. So, what do you think about… • Intelligence and… Birth order: does it matter? • Family size and intelligence? • Intelligence and… Diversity questions? • Intelligence testing and cultural bias • IQ test… what about Flynn effect? • IQ is increasing over time • Other intelligences… How important is emotional intelligence? • Four-branch model includes: perceiving, using, understanding and managing emotions (Salovey and Grewal, 2005)

31. Summing it all Up • Why Study Intelligence? • Intelligence Defined • Major psychologists who have studies intelligence • Theories of intelligence • Stenberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Something more to consider • Intelligence as Speed of Processing • Neuroscience and Intelligence • IQ testing • What do you think: Intelligence and…

32. References Deary, I.J., & Stough, C. (1996). Intelligence and inspection time: Achievements, prospects, and problems. American Psychologist, 51, 599-608. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved from http://wilderdom.com/personality/L2-4GardenerMultipleIntelligences.html Haier, R. J., & Jung, R. E. (2007). Beautiful minds (I.e., brains) and the neural basis of intelligence. BehavioralandBrain Sciences, 30(2), 174-187. Salovey, P., and Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 281-285. Sternberg, R. J. (1996) Successful intelligence. New York: Simon & Schuster.  Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Retrieved from http://wilderdom.com/personality/L2-2SternbergTriarchicTheory.html Witelson, S.F., Beresh, H., & Kigar, D.L. (2006). Intelligence and brain size in 100 postmortem brains: sex, lateralization and age factors. Brain: a journal of neurology, 129 (2), 386-398.