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Japanese Occupation 1910-1945. Koreans continue to look to US as potential saviorLook to Protestant churches as special connection to AmericaJapan annexes Korea 1910Taft-Katsura AgreementUS concurs secretly that Japan should lead to modernize and develop KoreaProtestant Missionaries agree:Japa
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1. Korea in the 1900sJapanese OccupationLiberation and Division 19
2. Japanese Occupation1910-1945 Koreans continue to look to US as potential savior
Look to Protestant churches as special connection to America
Japan annexes Korea 1910
Taft-Katsura Agreement
US concurs secretly that Japan should lead to modernize and develop Korea
Protestant Missionaries agree:
Japan is the one modern Asian Nation
Koreans need Japanese tutelage
Koreans today see this as a major betrayal
3. Japanese Occupation:Independence Movements Case of 105, 1911
Alleged plot to assassinate Japanese occupation officials
105 arrested
Heavy Christian component
Christians seen as nationalists and loyalists
Japanese recognized Christian problem but looked away because they needed Western acquiescence for the occupation
4. Japanese Occupation:Independence Movements Case of 105, 1911: cont.
Churches maintained national organizations
Sermons focused on Moses and Exodus from Egypt
YMCA became a political organization
lots of them not really Christian just political
Missionaries tried to depoliticize churches and YMCA but failed
5. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements March 1st Movement, 1919
Declaration of Independence
35 signatories half Christian Clergy
Coordinated protests throughout the nation
Led by religious leaders, mostly Christians and Chondokyo, some Buddhists
Peaceful
Japanese response was mass violence
Attack churches
6. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements After March 1st Movement
Korean Protestants Heavily persecuted
Most pastors rejected Exodus theology
Focused on next world salvation
Some still worked for independence
YMCA Study Groups
Teaching Hangul and Korean history in Sunday Schools and Bible Schools
7. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements 1935 Shinto Shrine Controversy and Christians in Korea
Japan requires all schools to start with Shinto rights revering the Emperor
Some Pastors see it as Shinto Worship
Presbytery concludes it is political
Most Christian Schools comply rather than shut down
Some prefer to shut down and pastors in Pyongyang go to jail
Christians again get credit for being anti-Japanese and independence activists
8. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements Independence Movements in Exile
US Based: Syngman Rhee
Raised money in US to support Korean independence
Based in Hawaii
Lobbied among US leaders to support Korea
Heavy Methodist support
9. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements Independence Movements in Exile: cont.
China and Soviet Based: Kim Il Sung
Studied Marxism/Leninism
Engaged in Anti-Japanese gorilla attacks
Mobilized for Russian and then Soviet and Chinese support for Korean independence
10. Occupation Repression under Japan
READ: When my Name was Keoko
Japanese Language
Japanese Names
Japanese Education
Forced labor and military service
Comfort Women
11. Occupation Comfort Women
12. WW II in Korean History World War II
Pearl Harbor
US Plan: Germany first, then Japan
13. WW II in Korean History
Cairo Conference:
1943
Korea to be occupied
Korean Independence in due time
14. WW II in Korean History Yalta Conference:
Feb. 411, 1945
USSR to join war on Japan 3 months after German surrender
USSR to participate in occupation of Korea
15. WW II in Korean History Potsdam Conference
July 17Aug. 2, 1945
Yalta Conference arrangements for Korea Confirmed
16. WW II in Korean History August 6, 1945, Atom bomb on Hiroshima
August 8, 1945, Russians enter the war against Japan, fulfilling their Yalta Conference agreement
August 9, 1945, Atom bomb on Nagasaki
August 10/11, 1945 (about midnight), young colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, under orders from Gen. McArthur, draw a division line at the 38th parallel, keeping the capital city, Seoul, in the American area.
August 15, 1945, Japan Surrenders.
17. Cold War History: Korea US occupies Southern Korea, Soviets occupy North
USA/USSR tensions emerge almost at once USA envisions capitalist democracy
USSR envisions communist government
18. Postwar South Korea Peoples committees all over Korea
Japanese forces provide US occupation lists of good and communist Koreans
US occupation accepts Japanese assessment, effectively labeling Anti-Japanese activists as communists
US Employs Collaborators as officials
19. Postwar South Korea October, 1945
Syngman Rhee returned to South Korea from the US
Welcomed as a nationalist resistance leader by US leadership.
Clearly the US favorite for new Korean government
Incorporates Christian elite into his movement
Chooses a policy of forgiveness and reconciliation toward collaborators
Rhees major potential rivals all die in assassinations or accidents
20. North Korea October, 1945
Kim Il Sung returns to North Korea from Manchuria
Welcomed by Soviets as a nationalist resistance leader
Purges collaborators
Attacks capitalists
Excludes Christian elite
Attacks Churches as the only institution that could challenge his supremacy
Christians learn that Christianity and Communism dont mix
Kims major potential rivals all die in assassinations or accidents
21. Postwar Dictators Both Rhee in the South and Kim in the North are tyrannical and dictatorial
Rhee is OUR tyrant: Hes Christian, pro-American, Capitalist, and Speaks English
Kim is THE SOVIETS tyrant: Hes Communist, pro-Soviet, Speaks Chinese and some Russian
Neither is Democratic
Neither stands truly independent of his occupation supporters
Each blusters about unifying the nation by force under his own legitimate government
22. Cold War History: US Containment
1947
George Kennan writes Mr. X article
Coins term and policy of Containment
Emerging Cold War conflict between USA and USSR
No compromise possible from either the US or USSR perspective
23. Two Koreas Joint elections impractical
Two separate Korean Governments established
1948 Elections in both North and South Korea
Soviets withdraw troops
Soviets and NK point to US occupation as proof that SK government is a puppet
US withdraws troops from SK to bolster claim of SK legitimacy
24. Korean War January 12, 1950
United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson
US Press Club:
US Vital Interrests
America's Pacific defense perimeter
Implies that the U.S. might not fight over Korea
This omission encouraged the North and the Soviets
25. Korean War War begins June 25, 1950
North Korea Invades
Takes all but Pusan
US Proposes UN action to defend South Korea
Soviet Ambassador storms out in protest forgetting to use his veto
26. Korean War MacArthur assigned to command UN forces
Incheon landing, September 15 - September 28, 1950
27. Korean War MacArthur Insists on pushing to Chinese border
Rants about liberating China
Seems to ignore President Trumans policy January 4, 1951: Communist Chinese and North Korean forces recapture Seoul.
April 11, 1951: MacArthur was removed from command by President Truman on.
Stalemate, July, 1951
28. Korean War and Christianity During Korean War Christians flock South
Bring with them horror stories of anti-Christian Persecution under communism
Establish large, successful protestant churches in South Korea
ALL South Koreans learn this history and ALL South Koreans believe that:
Christians CAN NOT be communists
Communists CAN NOT be Christian
This matters in the role that Christian Churches play later
29. Korean Division Originally 38th parallel
Post Korean War: Red line called the DMZ
30. Korean War Ends Cease Fire July 27, 1953
Neither Korea Signed Armistice
State of war continues
Both Koreas considered themeslves the only legitimate authority
Both Koreas had aurhoritarian dictatorships at least through 1987
North Korea still has a dictatorship (2007)
31. Post Korean War History South Korea: 40,000 US troops remain to guard South Korea
US supports pro American authoritarian regimes
North Korea: Chinese troops leave
North argues that South Korea is an occupied country, not independent
North sees US troops as a threat
32. South Korea Rhees South Korea languishes:
Corruption, incompetence,
and cheating on elections lead to
Syngman Rhees departure 1960
Student Riots erupt
Rhee tries to suppress them
US Government intervenes
Suggests Rhees retirement to Hawaii provides military transport for his exodus
Side Note: Buck Shafer told me about his memory of these riots, he and the Panther Band were in Seoul for a USO tour at the time.
33. South Korea Chang Myon
Establishes leadership of the government upon Rhees departure
Chang is a Catholic
Unrest, labor strikes and democracy movements create chaos
Military Coup brings Military to power in South Korea
34. South Korea Park Chung Hee leads South Korea
Military Dictator
Harsh discipline
Anti-communist
Economic development for national security
Fantastic economic growth
Terrible human rights
35. North Korea Kim Il Sung in North Korea
Juche Ideology
National independence
Aligned with USSR and China
Plays them off against each other until 1991
Standard pattern of brinksmanship to get what he wants