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Network Protocols

Network Protocols. Objectives. Identify characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk Understand position of network protocols in OSI Model Identify core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions Understand each protocol’s addressing scheme. Introduction to Protocols.

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Network Protocols

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  1. Network Protocols

  2. Objectives • Identify characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalk • Understand position of network protocols in OSI Model • Identify core protocols of each protocol suite and its functions • Understand each protocol’s addressing scheme

  3. Introduction to Protocols • Protocol • Rules network uses to transfer data • Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable • Multiprotocol network • Network using more than one protocol

  4. Multiple LAN Protocols • Advantage • Network can perform many different functions on same LAN • Disadvantage • Some protocols operate in broadcast mode, causing a significant amount of redundant network traffic

  5. TCP/IP and Multiple Server Systems • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) • Most widely used protocol • Offers a suite of protocols • Protocol of the Internet • Supported by most network server and workstation operating systems

  6. Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Suite of small, specialized protocols called subprotocols OSI Model TCP/IP TCP/IP compared to the OSI Model

  7. TCP/IP Compared to theOSI Model • Application layer roughly corresponds to Session, Application, and Presentation layers of OSI Model • Transport layer roughly corresponds to Transport layers of OSI Model • Internet layer is equivalent to Network layer of OSI Model • Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical layers of OSI Model

  8. The TCP/IP Core Protocols • Certain subprotocols of TCP/IP suite • Operate in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model • Provide basic services to protocols in other layers of TCP/IP • TCP and IP are most significant core protocols in TCP/IP suite

  9. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to internetwork • To internetwork is to traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router • In an internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together are called subnetworks

  10. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP datagram • IP portion of TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data • Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets Components of an IP datagram

  11. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol, which means it does not guarantee delivery of data • Connectionless • Allows protocol to service a request without requesting verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data

  12. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • TCP • Provides reliable data delivery services • Connection-oriented subprotocol • Requires establishment of connection between communicating nodes before protocol will transmit data • TCP segment • Holds TCP data fields • Becomes encapsulated by IP datagram

  13. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Port • Address on host where application makes itself available to incoming data A TCP segment

  14. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Notifies sender of an error in transmission process and that packets were not delivered • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Obtains MAC address of host or node • Creates local database mapping MAC address to host’s IP address

  15. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Telnet • Used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP protocol suite • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Used to send and receive files via TCP/IP • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networks • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Manages devices on a TCP/IP network

  16. Addressing in TCP/IP • IP Address • Logical address used in TCP/IP networking • Unique 32-bit number • Divided into four groups of octets (8-bit bytes) that are separated by periods • IP addresses are assigned and used according to very specific parameters

  17. Addressing in TCP/IP • Loopback address • IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself • Value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1 • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) • Non-profit organization currently designated by U.S. government to maintain and assign IP addresses

  18. Addressing in TCP/IP • Static IP address • IP address manually assigned to a device • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Application layer protocol • Manages dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network

  19. Addresses and Names • In addition to using IP addresses, TCP/IP networks use names for networks and hosts • Each host requires a host name • Each network requires a network name, also called a domain name • Together, host name and domain name constitute the fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

  20. Advantages of TCP/IP • International language of network communications • Designed for use with wide range of network devices • Main protocol of most computer operating systems • Many troubleshooting and network analysis tools • Understood by a large body of network professionals

  21. Protocols and Applications of the TCP/IP Suite

  22. Protocols and Applications of the TCP/IP Suite

  23. IPX/SPX • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) • Protocol originally developed by Xerox • Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network operating system IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model

  24. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) • Operates at Network layer of OSI Model • Provides routing and internetworking services • Similar to IP in TCP/IP suite

  25. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) • Belongs to Transport layer of OSI Model • Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received: • Whole • In sequence • Error free

  26. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) • Works in Application, Presentation, Session, and Transport layers of OSI Model • Runs directly over IPX • Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide

  27. IPX/SPX Core Protocols • NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) • Works within Presentation and Sessions layers of OSI Model • Works over IPX • Handles requests for services between clients and servers

  28. Addressing in SPX/IPX • IPX address • Address assigned to a device on an IPX/SPX network • Contains two parts: • Network address (external network number) • Node address

  29. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) • Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services • Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol • Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBEUI

  30. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface • Fast and efficient protocol • Consumes few network resources • Provides excellent error correction • Requires little configuration • Can handle only 254 connections • Does not allow for good security

  31. NetBEUI and Microsoft Windows Servers • NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) • Developed by IBM in mid-1980s • Incorporates NetBIOS for communications across a network • Native protocol for Windows NT Server • Not routable; most suited for small LANs using older Microsoft or IBM operating systems • Corresponds with several layers of OSI model

  32. Why NetBEUI Works Well on Microsoft Networks • Simple to install • Handles large number of communication sessions on one network • Low memory requirements; can be quickly transported over small networks • Fast and efficient protocol • Consumes few network resources • Provides excellent error detection and correction • Requires little configuration

  33. Disadvantages of NetBEUI • Inability to route medium-sized and large networks; not enough information in NetBEUI frame to identify specific networks • Few network analysis tools • Does not allow for good security

  34. NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI Model

  35. AppleTalk • Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers • Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes • Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based networks • AppleTalk networks are separated into logical groups of computers called AppleTalk zones

  36. AppleTalk and Mac OS • AppleTalk • Peer-to-peer protocol used on networks for communications between Macintosh computers • Connectivity supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows .NET, and NetWare Server

  37. AppleTalk Peer-to-Peer Networking

  38. Comparison of AppleTalk Phase I and Phase II

  39. Services of AppleTalk • Remote access to network files via AppleShare File Server Application • Printing services through AppleShare Print Server application • File services to DOS- and Windows-based systems via AppleShare PC application

  40. AppleTalk and OSI Model AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI Model

  41. AppleTalk Subprotocols • AppleShare • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) • Name Binding Protocol (NBP) • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) • Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)

  42. Addressing in AppleTalk • AppleTalk node ID • Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a computer on an AppleTalk network • AppleTalk network number • Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to which a node is connected

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