How supportive were the Victorians of the Colonisation of Africa? Gather points with evidence to add to your charts.

1. Why was it Africa that was chosen for rapid colonisation in the 19th C?Aim – to assess the significance of Livingstone for causing the colonisation of Africa How supportive were the Victorians of the Colonisation of Africa? Gather points with evidence to add to your charts. Supportive Unsupportive

2. Why was it Africa that was chosen for rapid colonisation in the 19th C?Aim – to assess the significance of Livingstone for causing the colonisation of Africa • On your mini-whiteboards… • Write a speech bubble from a Victorian explaining why they support the colonisation of Africa – use their circumstances to help you • Write a speech bubble from a Victorian explaining why they do not support the colonisation of Africa – use their circumstances to help you

3. How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? Themes – metropolis, periphery, motives, resistance and accommodation Content – background (Egypt 1875-1885, Disraeli and shares, military intervention 1882, International Debt Commission) Sudan and Gordon 1884-1885 Why and how?

4. ‘You have it (the Canal), Ma’am’ (PM Disraeli 1875) How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? What does this picture suggest about control over Egypt? What might this have to do with Sudan?

5. How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? Why Sudan? – The background – Egypt • In 1798-1799 Napoleon had established some degree of control over Egypt. They still had some autonomy, and the Egyptian leader at the time decided Egypt needed to modernise like France, using French influences and French advice, and expand like France and taken over the Sudan and Syria. Egypt was also still officially part of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), although in reality they had a large degree of autonomy. When Napoleon lost power an unofficial French influence remained and Egypt being part of the Ottoman empire was more important. • To get to India from 1840 British goods used to be carried overland between the Nile and the Red Sea. Britain and France both wanted to keep their influence. • Britain opposed a canal being built between the Nile and the Red Sea (the Suez Canal, there had been a shallow canal during the Egyptian empire!), as although they knew it would benefit them, the risk of it falling into enemy hands was too great. As Egypt stood to make a lot of money from building a canal was built anyway using French money. When it was opened in 1869 the sail boat was still the primary mode of transport for hauling large quantities of goods. PM Palmerstone stated ‘we do not want Egypt or wish it for ourselves’ in 1869. The winds were unreliable and the British thought going around the Cape of Good Hope would remain the primary way to get there. However technology improved for steam ships and haulage through the canal grew from 436,609 in 1869 to 5 million tons in 1882. Write down 5 key pieces of background information for Egypt. Swap with the person next to you. Annotate on their work how this affected the Sudan. At this stage, would Britain intervene with Egypt and why?

6. Write down three key steps Write down three key definitions Would Britain directly intervene with Egypt and under what circumstances? How may this affect the Sudan? How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? • Egypt took loans and got into a lot of debt in its attempts to modernise, control the Sudan and as a consequence of a fall in the demand for cotton at the end of the American Civil War. The loans from Europe often had a high interest rate. The money Egypt actually received was often greatly reduced by the costs of travelling to Europe and holding meetings to get the loans themselves. Eventually loan after loan was coming to try and cover the payments of previous loans. • Despite this Alexandria had become a great port, over 1000 miles of railways had been built and irrigation had hugely improved from investment. • In 1875 Ismail (the leader of Egypt) faced bankruptcy. The International Debt Commission was set up to try and sort out its finances, Britain, France, Austria, Hungary and Italy all had a seat on it. The British PM purchased 45% of the shares of the Suez Canal, partly as he’d heard that the French were considering doing it too. The British now seemed to see the Canal as ‘theirs’. • In 1876 Ismail asked for British advice in how to sort out his finances. The British Treasury Minister arrived and said the Egyptian situation wasn’t hopeless, but could benefit from a stronger European element. A French and British advisor followed and said that there should be two high officials to help, one French, one British. • The Anglo-French Dual control lasted until 1882. They managed to fix interest rates for the loans at 4-5% and assigned all the income from the railways, telegraph and customs to paying these interest rates. All the rest of Egyptian revenue was used for the Egyptian administration. • This helped to sort out the Egyptian economy, but effected the ordinary Egyptian badly, especially after the bad harvest of 1876-1877. Hundreds starved to death, tax collectors were very aggressive and the army wasn’t paid properly.

7. What three key steps led to the occupation of Egypt? • Why was Egypt occupied (think of the 3 Cs and any other motives you can)? How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? • In 1879 the army mutinied, arranged by Ismail to get rid of the ‘dual ministry’. However, the Ottoman Sultan, reacting to German pressure stepped in to stop it and replaced Ismail with his weaker son Tewfik. • In 1882, as the Egyptians were continuing to resist the dual ministry and European influences, the English and French issued the Anglo-French Joint Note , saying that they would support the Turks against anyone who may disturb the peace. • The Egyptians saw this issuing of the note as a prelude to invasion, as the same thing had happened in Tunisia. Hostilities grew. Britain and France sent some warships to Alexandria, officially to evacuate refugees but to try to ensure that violent outbreaks didn’t occur. Shortly afterwards there was an outbreak of riots in June 1882 and 50 Europeans were killed. The British believed Egyptian nationalists had been behind it. The Egyptians tried to quickly finish their fortifications in Alexandria. Negotiations broke down and a month later the British fleet bombarded the unfinished fortifications of Alexandria. Gladstone admitted in the house of commons there was an elements of revenge. • After this bombardment there was no real alternative to military intervention. An Egyptian army general’s army set up camp by Alexandria and violence spread. The British government now felt the canal would only be safe if the anarchy was put down in Cairo. The British and French tried to persuade the Ottoman Sultan to intervene, but he refused to do what the Europeans told him. The Germans encourgaed the British to act, hoping it would drive apart Britain and France. • In August 1882 the British invaded under Wolseley and captured the canal in 3 days. The Egyptian army was defeated a month later, their generals put on trial and exiled. The government collapsed and the British found they couldn’t just withdraw, even though they had declared that earlier on. Gladstone had even fought his 1880 election on non-intervention and right of small states. Gladtsone stated ‘we have done our European business, and we are an Egyptian government’. They saw the International Debt Commission as getting in their way. They ended the Anglo-French agreement to tidy up their occupation.

8. How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? • What does this mean for the Sudan? • The Sudanese rose under their own leader the Mahdi • They threatened the security again of Egypt • The British pressured the Egyptians to evacuate the Sudan, they sent General Gordon to evacuate it. • For Britain? • Relations with France deteriated • Hobson criticised it saying it showed that the imperialist movement was financial in origin and defrauding the nation

9. How far did Westminster have control over the Sudan in the 1880s? • Themes – metropolis, periphery, motives, resistance and accommodation • Content – background (Egypt 1875-1885, Disraeli and shares, military intervention 1882, International Debt Commission) • Sudan and Gordon 1884-1885