MAT 1153 Alternative fuel technology

1. MAT 1153 Alternative fuel technology Chapter 5 - Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Vehicle MOHD FAIRUS JAMID fairus@icam.edu.my

2. Hydrogen Fuel Cells:The power of tomorrow

3. What is a Fuel Cell? • Is an electrochemical reactions device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product. • Unlike a battery, chemicals are not stored in the fuel cell; they must be replenished • Using a fuel and an oxidant • Possible fuel sources: hydrogen, alcohols, hydrocarbons, gasoline • Possible oxidants: oxygen, chlorine, chlorine dioxide

4. what is a fuel cell?

5. what is a fuel cell? Structural characteristics of PEMFC membranes

6. what is a fuel cell? • Anode (-) and Cathode (+) on each side of the fuel cell, divided by an electrolyte • Hydrogen gas is channeled through anode side; oxygen passes through cathode • Platinum catalyst oxidizes hydrogen atoms into H+ and electrons • Electrons pass along external circuit; conduct electricity before entering cathode • Electrolyte allows H+ to pass into the cathode • In cathode, catalyst combines H+ , O2- and electrons, forming H2O and heat

7. what is a fuel cell? • Anode:2H2 => 4H+ + 4e- • Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O • Net Reaction:2H2 + O2 => 2H2O • Exact opposite of electrolysis

8. what is a fuel cell?

9. what is a fuel cell?

10. what is a fuel cell? Fuel cell stack components

11. Construction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle

12. Construction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle

13. Construction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle

14. Construction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle The P2000, zero-emission vehicle that utilizes a direct hydrogen polymer electrolyte fuel cell.

15. The complete fuel-cell stack system

16. How does a fuel cell work?

17. Fuel Cell vs. Battery

18. Fuel Cell vs. ICE

19. Glossary of Terms used in describing Fuel Cell Technology

20. Glossary of Terms used in describing Fuel Cell Technology

21. Types of Hydrogen Fuel Cells • Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells • Direct Methanol Fuel Cells • Alkaline Fuel Cells • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells • Regenerative Fuel Cells

22. Types of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

23. Types of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • This is the leading cell type for passenger car application • Uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte • Operates at a relatively low temperature, about 175 degrees • Has a high power density, can vary its output quickly and is suited for applications where quick startup is required making it popular for automobiles • Sensitive to fuel impurities.

24. Types of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

25. Present-Day Applications

26. Present-Day Applications

27. Experience - refueling

28. Hydrogen Source

29. Importance of Hydrogen Source • Hydrogen is a secondary energy resource, meaning it must be made from another fuel • Hydrogen can be produced from a wide variety of energy resources including: • Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal • Nuclear energy • Renewable resources, such as solar,water, wind and biomass

30. hydrogen production • The biggest challenge regarding hydrogen production is the cost • Reducing the cost of hydrogen production so as to compete in the transportation sector with conventional fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant hurdle to Fuel Cell’s success in the commercial marketplace • There are three general categories of Hydrogen production • Thermal Processes • Electrolyte Processes • Photolytic Processes • Thermal Processes • Natural Gas Reforming • Gasification • Renewable Liquid Reforming

31. hydrogen production • Natural Gas Reforming • Steam Methane Reforming • Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural gas using high-temperature steam • Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen • This process accounts for about 95% of the hydrogen used today in the U.S. • Partial oxidation • Produces hydrogen by burning methane in air • Gasification • Process in which coal or biomass is converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure and in the presence of steam • A subsequent series of chemical reactions produces a synthesis gas which reacts with steam to produce more hydrogen that can be separated

32. hydrogen production • Renewable Liquid Reforming • Biomass is processed to make renewable liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that are then reacted with high-temperature steam to produce hydrogen • This process is very similar to reforming natural gas • Electrolytic Processes • Electrolytic processes use an electric current to split water into hydrogen and oxygen • The electricity required can be generated by using renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric power • Photolytic Processes • Uses light energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen • These processes are in the very early stages of research but offer the possibility of hydrogen production which is cost effective and has a low environmental impact

33. hydrogen production

34. hydrogen storage • Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of the biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel cell technology • Hydrogen has physical characteristics that make it difficult to store large quantities without taking up a great deal of space • Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard vehicles, at hydrogen production sites, refueling stations and stationary power sites • Hydrogen has a very high energy content by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a very low energy content by volume (4x less than gasoline) • If the hydrogen is compressed and stored at room temperature under moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank would be required • Researchers are trying to find light-weight, safe, composite materials that can help reduce the weight and volume of compressed gas storage systems

35. hydrogen storage • Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying hydrogen is complicated and not energy efficient • Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to heat and expands significantly when warmed by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation required affects the weight and volume that can be stored • If the hydrogen is compressed and cryogenically frozen it will take up a very small amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it must be kept supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees Celsius

36. Disadvantages • Fuel cells require specific humidity, pressure, etc. • Catalysts are pricey and sensitive to poisoning • Difficult to produce hydrogen • Difficult to store optimum amounts of Hydrogen • If fuels other than hydrogen are used, some greenhouse gasses are emitted • Very few cars currently running on hydrogen

37. Advantages • Environmental Benefits - Reduce air pollution. • Create less than one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced • Conventional combustion generating systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for the same electricity • The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell vehicles are water and heat • Battery replacement/alternative • Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would offer much longer operating life in a packaged of lighter or equal weight • Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would have an environmental advantage over batteries, since certain kinds of batteries require special disposal treatment • It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.

38. conclusion • Hydrogen fuel cells are efficient, and clean • Also expensive, and require specific humidity, temperature, pressure • With more technological advancements, could be used in mass production for various applications • Not an instant fix for the energy crisis, but definitely a major component • Promising technology • Most viable for niche market use in the near future • Widespread marketplace acceptance and use is still many years away

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