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Developing Effective Arguments through Personal and Second-Hand Evidence

Crafting compelling arguments requires a blend of personal experience and research. Utilizing first-hand evidence humanizes abstract issues, drawing readers in through relatable anecdotes and personal stories that appeal to emotions. Staying updated with current events strengthens arguments and demonstrates an understanding of contemporary issues, while second-hand evidence provides verifiable facts and expert opinions, enriching the dialogue. By integrating quantitative data and addressing counterarguments, writers can build a persuasive narrative that resonates with their audience and answers meaningful questions.

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Developing Effective Arguments through Personal and Second-Hand Evidence

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Writing DRQ responses

  2. Ways to develop body in DRQ • First hand evidence • Personal experience (sports, technology, theater, education, etc) • Anecdotes • Knowledge of current events • Second hand evidence • Research, knowledge of history • Expert opinion • Data: surveys, polls, census information

  3. First hand evidence--Personal experience • appeals to ethos • adds a human element • Works best if writer can speak as an insider • Makes an abstract issue more human • Interests readers, draws them in However, • Cannot stand alone; you will need more than just your perspective

  4. First hand experience--anecdotes • Includes stories about other people that you have observed or been told about • Appeals to pathos

  5. Personal experience—current events • Stay aware of what is going on in the world, locally, nationally, internationally • Be aware of possible bias of reader (ex: English teachers are AP readers, do not alienate them by criticizing today’s educators; readers may be tied philosophically to a political party )

  6. Second-hand evidence (research, reading, investigation—historical info • Verifiable facts that a writer knows from research • Often used to develop a point of comparison or contrast to a more contemporary situation

  7. Second hand experience--Expert opinion • Teacher opinion, education • Parent opinion, childrearing

  8. Quantitative evidence • Data, stats, surveys, polls, census information • Need not be all percentages

  9. Format—possible order of sections of the argumentative essay • Intro---introduces reader to subject under discussion • Narration— • provides factual information and background on the subject at hand, beginning the development paragraphs • Or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing 3. Confirmation---major part of text; includes development or proof needed to prove the case

  10. Format (cont) 4. Refutation---addresses the counterargument, bridge between writers’ proof and conclusion However, if opposing views are well known or valued by the reader, address them before addressing your own argument. 5. Conclusion—appeals to pathos • Reminds reader of ethos established earlier • Brings all writers ideas together and answers question “So what?”

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