New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

1. 13 New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

2. An Age of Exploration and Expansion • Islam and the Spice Trade • Spice trade transported in Muslim ships from India or Middle East • Islam established in Sumatra and Java seaports and moved inland • New sultanate at Malacca – leading economic regional power • Spread of Islam to other trading ports, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines • Muslim faith and Sufism • Spread of Islam in West Africa • Muslim trade and religious influence expanded south of Sahara to West Africa • Muslim control over Mediterranean coast regions brought Islamic values, political culture, and legal traditions • Kingdom of Mali • Kingdom of Songhai • Askia Mohammed, a fervent Muslim

3. A New Player: Europe • European medieval travelers • Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 • The Motives • Economic motive, religious zeal, expansion a state, “God, glory, and gold” • Rise of capitalism: expansion of trade and search for metals • Crusading mentality strong in Portugal and Spain • The Means • European monarchies increased authority and resources, so turned to the world beyond their borders • Portugal went overseas – not strong enough to pursue Europe • Spain: had means to pursue power on Continent and beyond • Knowledge and technology • Portolani (charts), seaworthy ships, sails, rudder, compass

4. Portuguese Maritime Empire • The Portuguese lead in exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Sought Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims • Sought new trade opportunities • Explored west coast of Africa for gold • Returned with black Africans who were sold as slaves • The Portuguese in India • Route to India around southern tip of Africa • Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 attempts to get to India – failed • Vasco da Gama, 1498 finds India and lands in Calicut • The Search for Spices • Alfonso de Albuquerque 1510 established headquarters at Goa • Attacked Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade network and provide way station • Expeditions to China and Moluccas (Spice Islands) • Seized control of spice trade from Muslin traders • Success due to guns and seamanship

5. The Spice Islands

6. Spanish Conquest in the “New World” • The Voyages • Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502 • John Cabot, 1497 • New England • Pedro Cabral, 1500 • South America • Amerigo Vespucci, wrote letters named new lands “America” (after Amerigo)

7. Columbus Lands in the Americas

8. The Conquests • Opportunities for conquest and exploitation • Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 • Cape of Good Hope route for Portuguese • Route across Atlantic for Spain • Spanish conquistadors: upper-class people motivated by glory, greed, and religious zeal • Superior weapons, organizational skills, determination • Hernan Cortés defeated Moctezuma and conquered Mexico in 1519 • Francisco Pizarro controlled Inka Empire (Peru) 1531-1536

9. Governing the Empire • Encomienda • Forced labor • Diesase • Council of the Indies • Viceroy • New Spain and Peru • Papal agreement

10. The Impact of European Expansion • Native Americans ravaged by disease • Psychological impact • Conquerors sought gold and silver • New products sent to Europe • Deepened rivalries • Why did Europeans risk their lives?

11. New Rivals • Portuguese Portugal lacked numbers, wealth to dominate trade Disease, shipwreck and battles took a toll • Europeans in Asia • Ferdinand Magellan conquered the Philippines for Spain • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 • East India Company sent fleet to Surat, India in 1608 • Dutch arrived in India in 1595 • Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

12. Europeans in the Americas • Dutch, French, English made inroads on Spanish and Portuguese possessions in Americas • Portuguese • trade eroded in both West and the East • Colonial empire in Brazil was profitable • Dutch • made inroads in Brazil and Caribbean • Colony of New Netherland stretched from Hudson river as far north as Albany, New York • Dutch West India company went bankrupt

13. Europeans in the Americas, cont’d • French • Lesser Antilles and Louisiana • Canada was part of French crown and became a French province • Conflict in Europe took precedence over conquest in Americas • English • Seized New Netherland and renamed it New York • Colonial empire along Atlantic seaboard • Huge immigration to Americas to escape religious oppression and for economic interests

14. Africa in Transition • Portuguese in east Africa • Gold trade • Mwene Matapa • Southern Africa • Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652 • West Africa • Mali • Songhai • King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528 • Broke up after his death • Increased European contact with West Africa

16. European Possessions in the West Indies

18. The Slave Trade • Origins of Slavery in Africa • Traffic in slaves existed for centuries before the Portuguese arrived in Africa • Primary market for slaves was Middle East • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans • Need for slaves to work in labor intensive sugar cane industries in New World • Growth of Slave Trade • 16th C: 275,000 African slaves exported • 17th C: a million • 18th C: 6 million • 16th-19th C: 10 million to Americas and 2 million to other areas

19. The Middle Passage • High death rates from voyage • Treated inhumanely – chained, faced diseases and stink from human waste • Sources of Slaves • Prisoners or war captives or inherited their status • Served as domestic servants or wageless workers • Purchase from local slave markets for gold, guns, textiles, utensils • Took Africans from coast, then went inland and launched forays against defenseless villages

20. Effects of Slave Trade • Lives of individual victims and families • Depopulation of areas of continent (Angola, south of Congo, East Africa) • 20% sold were children • European justification: • slave trading historical • African intermediaries were the sellers • Slaves could be converted to Christianity and would replace weak American Indian workers

21. Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent • Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry • Limited European penetration of Africa • Altering of trading empires • European impact on inland areas • European impact on West Africa • Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms • Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to conflict among states • Splintering of the Congo region • East Africa • Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

22. The Slave Trade

23. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The arrival of the West • Dutch East India Company • Batavia, 1619 • Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations • Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment • Spices did not flourish on the mainland • Europeans became involved in factional struggles • By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon their trading stations

24. State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia • Religion and Kingship • Islam and Christianity make inroads • Buddhism in the lowland areas • Four types of political systems: • Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors • Economy and Society • Mostly agriculture during the early European period • Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming • Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods • Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics • Higher standard of living than most of Asia • Social institutions

25. European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th and 17th Centuries

26. The Pattern of World Trade from 16th-18th Centuries

27. Discussion Questions • How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods differ? • What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas? • What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional practices? • What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asia societies, and how were they affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?