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Chapter 27

Chapter 27. The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II. Prelude to War. The Role of Hitler World War II began in the mind of Adolf Hitler Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution created the conditions for German expansion Lebensraum – living space for German people

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Chapter 27

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  1. Chapter 27 The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II

  2. Prelude to War • The Role of Hitler • World War II began in the mind of Adolf Hitler • Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution created the conditions for German expansion • Lebensraum – living space for German people • A nation’s power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied • Hitler wanted to expand in Eastern Europe & Russia • Hitler thought the Slavs of Eastern Europe were inferior and should be enslaved by Aryans • Hitler thought the Bolsheviks of Russia were Jews

  3. Possible Test Question • The idea of Lebensraum maintained that • A nation’s power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied. • Only large populations could maintain a powerful country. • Authority must be dictated from a powerful leader. • Air power was the key to a successful military. • A pure race was necessary for national survival.

  4. The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) • Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 • First dramatic act as chancellor • withdrew from League of Nations and Geneva Disarmament Conference • Repudiation of disarmament clauses of the TOV, 1935 • Slow rearmament • Anglo-German Naval Pact 1935 – Germany can build a navy 35% of Britain’s & an equal number of submarines • Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 • Allies did nothing to this violation of the TOV • Appeasement – allied policy of giving into Hitler to avoid war • New Alliances • Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936 – maintain a common front against Communism

  5. Possible Test Question • Hitler’s first act of aggression took place in 1936 when the Germans occupied what area? • Austria. • Sudetenland • Bavaria • Rhineland • East Tyrol

  6. Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany ca. June 1940

  7. Map 27.1: Changes in Central Europe, 1936-1939

  8. The Path to War (1938-1939) • Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 • Hitler demands the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 • Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 • Leaders from Italy, Germany, France & G.B. met • British Prime minister Chamberlain gave into Hitler’s demands for the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia • Winston Churchill criticized this decision as a tragic outcome of appeasement • Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) • Strong advocate of Appeasement “peace for our time” • Hitler systematically took over the rest of Czechoslovakia a few months later

  9. Possible Test Question • Following the Munich Conference, Hitler • Had Germany relinquish its claims to Czechoslovakia. • Systematically took the rest of Czechoslovakia. • Attacked France. • Launched an attack on the Soviet Union. • Invaded Belgium.

  10. Hitler demands Danzig • British offer to protect Poland • Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 • Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 • Soviet Union invades Poland Sept. 17, 1939 • Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939 - Official Start of WWII • Unable to mobilize quick enough to help Poland • Poland falls in a few weeks to the combined forces of German and the Soviets • New military tactic of Blitzkrieg “lightning war” air attack, tank attack, infantry attack • After the fall of Poland, there is no fighting until the spring of 1940 • Period called the Phony War or “sitzkrieg”

  11. Possible Test Question • Hitler took Poland in 1939 • Despite interference by the Soviet Union. • In a long protracted struggle that cost Germany dearly. • Upon Poland’s request for a restructured government. • Using Blitzkrieg or “lightning war” tactics and with active support from Joseph Stalin. • Peacefully, with the reluctant acquiescence of Britain and France.

  12. The Path to War in Asia • Japan’s Rise to World Power Status • Defeat of China (1895) and Russia (1905) • By 1933, Japanese Empire included: Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and the Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands • Internal Tensions • Population growth (30 million in 1870 to 80 million in 1937) • Lack of natural resources on the small island nation • Impact of trade barriers • Depression causes western countries to impose tariffs to protect their economy • Devastates Japan politically & economically • Rise of militarist government • Military backed expansion

  13. Possible Test Question • Chief among the reasons for Japanese expansion in the 1930s were • An expanding population and severe lack of natural resources on the island nation. • Intense hatreds for the Chinese and Chinese culture. • Desires by ruling military leaders to test their newly developed and newly organized armed forces. • Beliefs among the Japanese that they were a “master race” destined to rule all of Asia. • Fear of Chinese imperial aggression unless the Japanese struck first.

  14. Japanese Goals in East Asia • September 1931: Japanese conquest of Manchuria • Japan targeted China first • Attacked China 1937 - Rape of Nanjing (Chinese capital where thousands were raped and killed) • Cooperation with Germany – wanted to divide Soviet Union • Nonaggression Pact made Japan look elsewhere for empire • Shift of attention to Southeast Asia in the late 1930s • Conflict with France, Britain & U.S. • U.S embargos iron and oil to Japan

  15. The Course to World War II • Britain & France pledge to back up Poland • Blitzkrieg (lightening war) (planes, tanks, troops) • Russia attacks from the other side • Poland divided on September 28, 1939 • Victory and Stalemate • “Phony War”, winter 1939-1940 • France built the Maginot Line, defensive structures on their eastern border, and waited for a defensive war • Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway • Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 • Evacuation of Dunkirk (330,000 troops) • Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 • Vichy France • Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951) • Unoccupied France, but seen as a German puppet state

  16. Possible Test Question • The Maginot Line was • A sophisticated line of defenses in eastern France. • The temporary demarcation line between France and the German Rhineland imposed by the Versailles Treaty. • Fortifications built by Mussolini to defend Rome. • England’s first line of coastal defense against possible German invasion. • The railroad that extended from the North Sea to the Swiss Alps.

  17. Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 • Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister of G.B. • German Luftwaffe (air force) wages a massive air attack • British use radar and broke German codes to prepare for attacks • Hitler switches to bombing cities (after attack on Berlin), allowing the RAF to rebuild • Hitler is forced to postpone his invasion of Britain • German Mediterranean strategy • Capturing Egypt and the Suez Canal and cutting off the British oil supply from the Middle East • Leaves this strategy largely up to Italy, but they fail • Hitler sends troops to support Italy, but it is to late • Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941 • Supposed to start in the spring and finish by winter

  18. Map 27.2: World War II in Europe & North Africa

  19. War in Asia • Japanese Expansion • Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 • Attack Philippines the same day • Move towards British Malaya • By the spring of 1942 • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere  • Japan had captured all of Southeast Asia

  20. Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

  21. Map 27.3: World War II in Asia & the Pacific

  22. Turning Point of the War (1942-1943) • Entry of United States into the war critical to Allied victory • Germany declares war on U.S. 3 days later • Historians argue that Hitler’s unnecessary declaration of war against the U.S. was the key decision leading to the inevitable defeat of Nazi Germany. • The Grand Alliance (Russia, G.B., & U.S.) • Defeat of Germany the first priority • Military aid to Russia and Britain • Allies ignore political differences • Agree on unconditional surrender

  23. Possible Test Question • After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was • Defeating Japan as quickly as possible. • Recovering the Hawaiian Islands. • Defeating Germany first and then turning its great naval war machine against Japan. • To remain neutral, while buying time to build up industrial and military supplies. • Defending “Fortress America” from the unexpected combined Japanese and German invasion of the United States.

  24. The Course of the War (1942-1943) • German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union • Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in May 1943 • Major Turning Points in the War • North African Campaign • Battle of El Alamein, Summer 1942 • British stopped German General Rommel • Safeguarded the Suez Canal and oil shipments from the Middle East • Combined U.S. and British forces force Germans and Italian troops to surrender North Africa in 1943

  25. Possible Test Question • The turning point in the North African campaign came • At El Alamein where the British stopped Rommel in the summer of 1942. • When South African troops crossed the Sahara and overwhelmed Rommel. • With the revolt of the Vichy French in North Africa. • When the Italians joined the Allied cause in 1942. • When Cairo and the Suez Canal were recaptured by the British and the Americans.

  26. Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 • Hitler disregards advice from his generals to take the Caucus oil fields • Instead, Hitler attacks the industrial center of Stalingrad • Gradual breakdown of German morale allowed them to become surrounded in the city • The entire German Sixth Army is captured or killed (300,000) • Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942 • U.S. breaks Japanese code and knows they will attack Midway • Island defends the attack while U.S. planes sink 4 Japanese aircraft carriers • Established U.S. naval supremacy in the Pacific

  27. Possible Test Question • The decisive Battle of Stalingrad was best characterized by • The Russians fighting to the last man until an exhausted German army took the city. • A gradual breakdown in German morale until the Germans were surrounded and forced to surrender. • The lack of conviction on the part of the Russians to defend the city. • The decisive role that the Soviet air force played in halting the German advance. • The complete destruction of both armies, leading to a temporary armistice.

  28. The Last Years of the War • Invasion of Sicily, 1943 • Invasion of Italy, September 1943 • Rome falls June 4, 1944 • D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 • Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches • Within three months, two million men landed • Greatest naval invasion in history • Opened up 2nd Front in Europe • German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943 • Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943 • Largest tank battle of all time– Germans defeated • Over 15,000 tanks combined • Germans are defeated • Russians enter Berlin, April 1945

  29. D-Day Invasion

  30. End of the War • Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 • Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945  • Death of FDR, April 12, 1945 • Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland • New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb • Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 • Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 • Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945 • Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead but may have numbered as high as 50 million dead

  31. The New Order • The Nazi Empire • Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways • Some areas annexed and made into German provinces • Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans • It was never organized systematically or governed efficiently despite German claims to the contrary. • Racial considerations • Aryan nations like Norway, Denmark & the Netherlands were ruled more leniently • Rule was most ruthless in Eastern Europe because Slavic people were viewed as inferior • Resettlement plans of the East • Poles were uprooted and moved • 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 • Need for labor • Forced labor of conquered people caused more resistance to the Nazis.

  32. Possible Test Question • The Nazi Empire was • Strictly organized into efficient states that paid tribute to Germany. • Never much larger than the size of present-day Germany and Austria. • Never organized systematically or governed efficiently despite German claims to the contrary. • For the most part composed of independent states that collaborated with Hitler. • A and D.

  33. Resistance Movements • Resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe • Resistance in all parts of Europe • Communists assumed leadership roles • Major source of resistance after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 • Women participated in resistance • Message carries, assassinated Nazi officials, planted bombs • Resistance in Germany • Limited resistance: White Rose • Student movement in Munich • Plots against Hitler • Count Claus von Stauffenberg (movie Valkyrie)

  34. The Holocaust • First focused on emigration of Jews • The Final Solution • Planned Extermination of all European Jews • Developed by Hitler and Himmler (head of SS) • Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) • SS officer responsible for carrying out the final solution • Wannsee Conference – Jan 20, 1942 • Established procedures for the Final Solution • Einsatzgrupen • Special strike forces used in eastern Europe that rounded up and executed Jews • Largest death camp was Auschwitz-Birkenau • Use of Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) and huge ovens • Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews • The Other Holocaust • Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews • 40 percent of European Gypsies

  35. Map 27.4: The Holocaust

  36. Possible Test Question • The conference that established the procedures for the “Final Solution” occurred at • Munich. • Nuremburg. • Berlin. • Wannsee. • Wittenberg.

  37. The New Order in Asia • “Asia for Asians” • Promised independent governments in occupied territory • Power in the hands of Japanese military • Exploited occupied territories for war resources • Little respect for local populations • Raped local women, looted homes and businesses and killed men arbitrarily

  38. The Mobilization of Peoples • Great Britain • More complete mobilization than its allies or Germany • Efforts to solve food shortage “Dig for Victory” • Sports fields were converted for civilian agriculture • Planned economy • The Soviet Union • Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in WWII were Russians • The brunt of the war effort fell on the peasants for combat and industrial roles • Only nation to use women in combat roles • Mobilization for total war produced the “supercentralization” of government authority • Siege of Leningrad (900 days) • Factories moved to the interior

  39. Possible Test Question • The brunt of the Soviet war effort was borne by • Small factory owners and craftsmen. • Heavy industry and factory laborers. • The peasants. • Communist party officials. • Conscripted women.

  40. The United States • Slow mobilization at first • Full employment mid-1943 • Shut down of smaller factories due to fear of overproduction • Internal migration of the population to industrial centers • Social problems • African-Americans – 1 million migrated from the South to the North and West • Detroit, June 1943 – race riot • Japanese Americans • Racially motivated internment

  41. Mobilization of Peoples (cont) • Germany • When Germany went to war in 1939, many Germany citizens thought it would spell disaster for Germany • Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war • Hitler wanted to maintain morale at home • Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries • Albert Speer and armaments production • Tripled armament production • Total mobilization of the economy, 1944 • Too little too late to save the German war effort • Japan • Highly mobilized society • Code of bushido – the way of the warrior • Demands on women – bear more children • Women were not expected to fill jobs vacated by men • Korean and Chinese laborers were brought in for industrial jobs

  42. Possible Test Question • When Germany went to war in 1939 • The populace was as euphoric as in 1914. • The populace feared that it would spell disaster for Germany. • Consumer goods were cut in favor of war materials. • War production tripled. • There was an immediate highly organized secret attempt to assassinate Hitler, but unfortunately it failed.

  43. Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities • Bombing Civilians • Strategy developed at the end of WWI to break the will of the people to continue the war effort • Civilian bombing in WWII had the opposite effect and created stubborn resistance to attacking nations • Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain • Allies begin bombing raids on German cities under Arthur Harris • Cologne, Hamburg, Dresden • American daytime bombing raids on precision targets • British made night time saturation bombing raids • Success or failure of bombing raids

  44. Nuclear Power • U.S. successfully tests their first A-bomb on July 16, 1945 • Atomic bomb • U.S. decided to use A-bomb to avoid an invasion of Japan that would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

  45. Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

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