Cells and their Organelles!

1. Cells and their Organelles!

2. Objectives • History of a Cell • Cell Organelles; Description and Functions • Difference between plant and animal cell

3. History of the Cell • Cells first seen with a simple microscope • First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Cell named and described by Robert Hook in 1665

4. Cell Theory: • 1. Cells are the basic units of life • 2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells • 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

5. Types of Cells • Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and internal structures. • Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and internal structures.

6. Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the world around it. Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Flexible and allows cell to change shape. Plasma Membraneaka- Lipid Bilayer

7. Lipid Bilayer • Cell membranes consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail to tail. • The phosphate heads are polar and water loving • Lipid tails are nonpolar and water fearing

8. Cell Wall • Provides support for the cell • Surrounds all Plant Cells • Rigid and allows for little or no movement • Made of cellulose and starch

9. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • The “Brain” of the cell • Controls all activities and functions • Contains DNA in the form of Chromatin • One of the largest organelles in the cell

10. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope that is 4x as thick as any other membrane • Nuclear Envelope is a form of protection

11. Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores • Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus • Found in the center of the nucleus. • Responsible for making ribosomes

12. Mitochondria! • Powerhouse of the cell. • Transforms energy for the cell (food molecules are broken down). • Cellular Respiration occurs here. • Highly Folded for more surface area. • Can be several hundred per cell.

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell • Production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles • Ex: Tissues inside box

14. Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER • Rough is coated with ribosomes, smooth isn’t • Rough- site of PROTEIN synthesis • Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.

15. Golgi Apparatus • Directs molecular traffic in the cell • Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes sacs

16. Golgi Apparatus • Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to plasma membrane • Has vesicles that act as packages. • Nickname UPS

17. Vacuoles • Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane • Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products • Usually one large vacuole in plants • Several smaller vacuoles in animal cells

18. Lysosomes • AKA: Suicide Bags • Contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, invading viruses • Ex: Tadpole and its tail

19. Ribosomes • Particles where the cell assembles proteins according to the directions of the DNA • Not bound by a membrane- still considered a cell organelle • Made by the nucleolus • Found free floating in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER

20. Chloroplast • Only found in Plant Cells • Contains Chlorophyll • Photosynthesis occurs here • Each plant cell can have several chloroplast

21. Cytoskeleton • Made of Microtubules and Microfilaments. (Both made of protein) • Found throughout the cell • Provide shape, support, and structure to the cell

23. Cytoplasma • The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the cell • Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an animal cell • Chemical reactions occurs here

25. FLAGELLA • Flagella are usually singular (occasionally there are more) projections found on the outside of the cell. • Primary means of transportation and or movement.

26. Cillia • Several, hairlike projections that surround the outside of the a cell • Also used for movement and transportation

27. Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell • All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall • All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast • All plant cells usually have one large vacuole the can occupy 90% of the cell.