600 likes | 1.23k Vues
Topic 4 – Transport Terminals. The Function of Transport Terminals Ports and Rail Terminals Airport Terminals. A – The Function of Transport Terminals. 1. Transport Terminals 2. Passengers Terminals 3. Freight Terminals 4. Terminal Costs. 1. Transport Terminals. Concept
E N D
Topic 4 – Transport Terminals The Function of Transport Terminals Ports and Rail Terminals Airport Terminals
A – The Function of Transport Terminals 1. Transport Terminals 2. Passengers Terminals 3. Freight Terminals 4. Terminal Costs
1. Transport Terminals • Concept • Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. • All spatial flows involve movements between terminals: • Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips. • Cannot travel individually, but in batches. • People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. • Freight has to reach a port, a rail yard or a distribution center before onward shipment. • Terminals are essential links in transportation chains: • Consolidation. • Deconsolidation. • Transshipment.
Centrality and Intermediacy Centrality Intermediacy Gateway Range Hub (Interception) Hub (Transcalar)
2. Passengers Terminals • Overview • Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. • Simple structures. • Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). • Airports • The most complex terminals. • Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. • Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. • Wide range of services. • Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.
3. Freight Terminals • Specialized entities • Specific loading and unloading equipment. • Wide range of handling gear is required. • Differentiated functionally: • Mode (maritime, rail). • Commodities (oil, grain, coal). • Bulk, general cargo and container terminals. • Warehousing • Assembling bundles of goods: • Time-consuming and storage may be required. • Specialized infrastructures: • Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.
Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services
Terminal Costs Cost C1 C2 C3 Road Rail Maritime T3 T2 T1 Distance
Factors behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals
B – Ports and Rail Terminals 1. Port Sites 2. Port Functions 3. Rail Terminals
1. Port Sites • Ports • Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: • Land and maritime domains. • Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. • Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. • Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. • Administration: • Submitted to authorities. • Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services.
The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model) Expansion Specialization Setting 4 4 4 3 5 2 1 3 2 4 4 Rail Terminal facilities Downtown Reconversion Water depth Highway Port-related activities Urban expansion
2. Port Functions • Main functions • Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). • Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). • Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. • Hong Kong: • Natural site. • Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. • Singapore: • Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. • Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. • New York: • Gateway of the North American Midwest. • Hudson / Erie canal system.
2. Port Functions • Port activities • About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. • Less than 100 ports have a global importance. • High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. • Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. • Gateways of continental distribution systems. • Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. • Port types • Monofunctionnal ports: • Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. • Specialized piers. • Polyfunctionnal ports: • Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. • Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.
Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2010
Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Rail Road Container crane Docking area Administration Empties On dock rail terminal Gate Container storage Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Loading / unloading area
Intermediate Hub Terminals Relay Hub-and-Spoke Deep-sea line Feeder Hub Interlining 85% of Transshipment Traffic 15% of Transshipment Traffic Interface between several pendulum routes along the same maritime range, but servicing a different array of port calls. Point of interchange between several long distance shipping lines. Interface between short distance feeder lines and long distance deep-sea lines, linking regional and global shipping networks.
2. Port Functions Land Access Land Space Port Site Interface Infrastructures Maritime Space Maritime Access
The American Waterway System and Channel Depth at Major Container Ports
3. Rail Terminals • Location • Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. • Suffer less from site constraints: • Many established prior to the Second World War. • Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. • Passengers and freight terminals: • Different locations. • Central railway stations: • Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. • Key elements of urban centrality and activity. • Freight rail stations: • Consume more space. • Tend to be located at the periphery. • Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.
Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal Classification Yard Classification Yard Intermodal Yard Repair / maintenance Gate / Administration Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Chassis storage 1 km Rail Track Operations Storage Yard Operations Gate Operations
C – Airport Terminals 1. Airport Sites 2. Airport Functions
Geographical Scales of Airport Location Role and function in the international and regional urban system. Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). International / Regional Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals. Local
Air Terminals: The Technical Support of Air Transportation Runways and parking areas. About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet; 747 to takeoff). Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. Airfield Isle Shuttles Terminal Terminal 3 2 1 Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. Infrastructures for plane accommodation. Linked with local transport systems.
1. Airport Sites • Land requirements • Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: • Landing and take off of planes. • Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. • Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. • Peripheral sites: • Sufficient quantities of land available. • The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. • Expansion and relocation: • Extremely difficult. • Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. • Most airports are now surrounded. • Only sites available are far from the urban core.
Airport Location Factors City Center Low High High Commuting radius High Low Low Benefits Externalities Suitability Location Ring
Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s 30 Largest Airports
Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal Train station Passengerterminal Northern runway LRT Future Terminal Expansion Southern runway Logistics and cargo area To Kowloon and Hong Kong