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Early English Colonization in North America: From Henry VIII to the Pilgrims

The quest for the Northwest Passage by Henry VIII set the stage for English colonization in North America. Despite initial failures, including the lost colony of Roanoke, Jamestown emerged in 1607 as the first permanent English settlement. The introduction of tobacco transformed Virginia's economy, increasing demand for labor leading to indentured servitude and eventually slavery. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620, establishing a framework for self-governance with the Mayflower Compact. These early struggles and developments shaped the foundation of what would become the United States.

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Early English Colonization in North America: From Henry VIII to the Pilgrims

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  1. English Exploration • Henry VIII • Wants to find “Northwest Passage” to Asia • Fails • But: claims land in North America King James VI: grants land to settlers: early 1600s Henry VIII

  2. English Colonization in North America • Slow colonization but sped up in 1600s • Roanoke: failed colony • Jamestown: first permanent settlement • The 13 colonies develop

  3. Jamestown: A Joint-Stock Company Settlement • Joint-stock company lets investors share risk, profits of business • Buy stock • Get charter from King to establish colony • help fund colonies in America: Jamestown •

  4. England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling” • Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships • Spring 1607  land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay. • Attacked by Indians and move on. • May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River • Easily defended position, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.

  5. Jamestown Settlement, 1609

  6. Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

  7. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

  8. Jamestown Housing

  9. Jamestown Settlement

  10. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

  11. The Jamestown Nightmare • Settlers died by the dozens! • “Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves. • Game in forests & fish in river uncaught. • Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming. • Conflict with Native Americans: Powhatan tribe

  12. Pocahontas Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith Captain John Smith

  13. High Mortality Rates • The “Starving Time”: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 500 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80% • What saves the Jamestown settlement?

  14. Tobacco Plant Need more workers! Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

  15. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, money] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

  16. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

  17. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco” • Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: • Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. • Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. • Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. • Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. • Need for cheap, abundant labor: SLAVES!!!.

  18. 17c Populationin the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black popul.??

  19. New England Colonies, 1650

  20. Pilgrims and The Mayflower 1620  102 people Land at Plymouth, MA Pilgrims: separate from Church of England Looking for freedom of religion Early struggles similar to Jamestown

  21. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

  22. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 • Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. • Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. • Signed by 41 adult males. • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

  23. The MA Bay Colony • 1629  Puritans: non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. • They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” • Many families, farmed mostly. • Established Boston

  24. Maryland: A Colony for Catholics • Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. • Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.

  25. Colonization of Maryland

  26. Pennsylvania

  27. The Quakers • Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. • Key Leader: William Penn • They offended religious & secular leaders in England. • Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. • They met without paid clergy • Believed all were children of God EQUALITY!

  28. 1760

  29. Urban Population Growth1650 - 1775

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