New Global Patterns

1. New Global Patterns World History Chapter 10

2. Japan Modernizes • Discontent in Tokugawa Japan • Since the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, the Tokugawa family had been Shogun (military dictators) in Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate cut off virtually all contact with other lands, and imposed a very strict society that was heavily taxed and controlled. Most Samurai (to serve), were poor, and discontent grew.

3. Japan Opens Up • External Pressure and Internal Revolt • In 1853, Japan was visited by a squadron of American warships sent to open Japan to foreign trade. Commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry, the Americans wanted open trade. • The Japanese realized they were defenseless against modern military weapons, and agreed to open ports to foreigners. This weakness by the Shogun to stand up to the foreigners led to even more discontent. • The Meiji Restoration • In 1867, increasing internal unrest forced the Shogun to abdicate to the Emperor Mutsuhito, who changed his name to Meiji. The “enlightened ruler” pushed for rapid reform of Japan, acquiring western knowledge as quickly as they could.

4. The Meiji Transformation • A modern Government • Japan studied foreign governments and took the model of Germany, with a strong Emperor, and a Diet or legislature. The privilege of the samurai was ended. • Industrialization • To encourage industry, the government would build the industry, and the have a wealthy family operate it, called the zaibatsu. The zaibatsu gained tremendously in influence in the government. • Changes in Society • As with the samurai, the old caste system was ended, and though inequalities remained, and still exist, people were made equal. People were free to move about. • An Amazing Success • Japan’s strength grew tremendously, and by the 1890’s, Japan was strong enough to renegotiate treaties with American and European powers. By then, Japan was starting to acquire an empire of it’s own.

5. Japan’s Growing Military Strength • Korea in the Middle • Korea also faced unequal treaties from European and American powers, and Japan, with it’s new Navy and Army, joined the Imperial powers. • Japan Gains Power • Need for resources • 1894 Sino-Japanese war • 1905 Russo-Japanese war • Japan Rules Korea • By 1910, Japan declared Korea to be a protectorate, begins quest to become the Asian power

6. Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific • Europeans Colonize Southeast Asia • 1500’s – 1700’s gained foothold • 1800’s – British, French, and Dutch manipulated local rivalries, modern tech • The Dutch East Indies Established • The Dutch East India Company establishes bases in Java and the Spice Islands. Eventually, all of what is now Indonesia was a pat of the Dutch East India Company • The British in Burma and Malaya • British expansion from India brought the British to Burma, where resistance to British control remained fierce for many years. The Malay Peninsula, with Singapore at it’s southern tip was a natural port to control sea routes. • French Indochina Seized • In 1858, trying to reduce foreign influence, Vietnamese officials ordered the suppression of Christianity, leading to the slaughter of converts. The French responded by invading Vietnam, then Laos and Cambodia (French Indochina) • Siam Survives • Siam’s king, Mongkut, understood the differences in power were completely in the European’s favor, and adopted a conciliatory approach to treaties that left Siam (Thailand) a sovereign nation. • Colonial Southeast Asia • European dominance of Southeast Asia brought some improvements to these areas, but mainly for the benefit of the Europeans.

7. The United States and the Philippines • In 1898, war broke out between the United States and Spain over Spain’s treatment of Cuban and Pilipino indigenous populations, who were being rounded up into concentration camps. • Remember the U.S.S. Maine! • Damm the torpedoes, full speed ahead! • Destruction of the Spanish Pacific fleet. • Encouraged by the American fleet, Filipinos revolt. • When Spain surrendered to the U.S., Cuba became “independent” and the Philippines became a U.S. territory, along with Guam. • Filipinos wanted independence, fought the U.S., and was brutally suppressed.

8. Western Powers Seize the Pacific Islands • Islands have always been valuable real estate, and islands in the Pacific were important because of the sheer size of the Pacific. Virtually all of the European powers and America claimed all of the islands they could. • Originally, the Hawaiian islands were called the Sandwich Islands, and controlled by the British as a series of ports for the whaling industry. • Dole and C&H, wanting to protect their plantations from Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii, requested protection from a U.S. naval squadron in harbor, who overthrew the Queen in 1893. U.S. did not annex until 1898.

9. Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand • Canada Achieves Self-Rule • Unrest in the Two Canadas • Since 1763 Britain controlled the former French colony of Canada, peopled not only by English settlers, and English refugees from the American Revolution, but also French settlers who decided to remain under the British. • The Government decided to separate French speaking Canada from English speaking Canada (Quebec and Ontario) in the 1791 Constitutional Act. • Britain Responds • Unrest grew in both territories, until open rebellion was starting. Britain proved it had learned from the American Revolution, and sent a diplomat to assess the problems. The two territories were rejoined, and given domestic control through a joint legislature, though foreign affairs and trade would still be controlled by Britain. • Canada Becomes a Dominion • In 1867, Britain merged it’s remaining American colonies into a unified Canada, as a dominion. • Canada Grows • Immigration from Europe • 1885 – Trans Canadian railway

10. Europeans in Australia • The First Settlers • 40,000 years for the Aborigines • Dreamtime • A Penal Colony • In 1788, due to not being able to transport criminals to Georgia (American Revolution), instead, Britain sent it’s criminals all the way around the world to Australia and New Zealand. • 8 month voyage • The Colonies Grow • Immigration was encouraged by the government by giving free tools and land to settlers. • In 1851, gold rush hit eastern Australia • Achieving Self Government • 1901, the colonies of Australia were united to prevent foreign influence, and by 1908, Australia was a dominion of Britain.

11. New Zealand’s Story • The Maori Struggle • The Maori were unlike the peaceful aborigines of Australia, and conquered several nearby island nations. Contact with Europeans had it’s predictable consequences though, and through disease, alcoholism and other problems, their numbers dwindles to only 45000 by 1896 • Settlers Win Self-Government (1907)

12. Economic Imperialism in Latin America • Lingering Political Problems • Simon Bolivar hoped that the newly liberated Latin American nations would work together, but once the threat of Spanish rule had passed, local rivalries once again came to the fore. • While most Latin American countries adopted a constitution similar to the United States, democracy was a more difficult commodity to come by. Revolts, civil war, and dictatorships plagued the Latin Republics. • The Colonial Legacy • Though the Spanish were gone, Creoles replaced the Spanish at the top of the social ladder, and the Roman Catholic Church retained strong control over it’s lands. • Life did not change much for the majority of peoples in Latin America, as wealthy landowners essentially controlled the various countries, essentially carrying on the traditions of the old Spanish rulers. • The Search for Stability • Stability was a rare thing for Latin America, as local strongmen (caudillos) recruited private armies, often challenging governments.

13. Mexico’s Struggle for Stability • Santa Anna and the War with the United States • Between 1833 and 1855, Santa Anna, a cunning caudillo, gained and lost power several times. When the Texas settlers revolted, Santa Anna sacked the Alamo, leading to Texas separating from Mexico. When the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, this increased tensions until the 1848 war between Mexico and the U.S. • La Reforma Changes Mexico • In 1855, Benito Juarez gained power and began a series of reforms, La Reforma, that stripped power from the military and the church, forced the church to sell lands to the peasants. • Conservatives did not like Juarez, and sought European assistance, which they received from Napoleon III. French troops in 1861 overthrew the government and installed Maximillian as Emperor. This ended in failure four years later, and Juarez took back control and presided over the government until 1871, where he died in office. • Growth and Oppression Under Diaz • After Juarez died, General Porfirio Diaz staged a coup, and took control of the government from 1876 to 1880, and 1884 to 1911 ruling as a dictator. Diaz’s policies favored foreign investors and rich landowners. Though industry increased under Diaz, many remained poor and victimized by their own government.

14. The Economics of Dependence • The Cycle of Economic Dependence • Latin America had become dependent on trade with Spain and Portugal as a part of it’s economy, and after independence, the British and the U.S. simply replaced them as trading partners, keeping the raw material trade going. • Foreign Influence Mounts • As Latin America grew more important to U.S. business interests, industries pressured the U.S. government to intervene and assure beneficial conditions for U.S. businesses. • Some Economic Growth • Because the governments and economies were controlled at the top, all the benefits of economic growth benefitted the people at the top, while the vast majority of people remained so poor they couldn’t buy consumer goods from the factories they worked at.

15. The Influence of the United State • The Monroe Doctrine • 1823, president Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which extended U.S. military protection to all liberated countries in the Americas, with the intent of preventing a return of European imperialism. • The United States Expands into Latin America • Most of U.S. expansion into Latin America was though economic means, with U.S. companies controlling vast areas of agricultural production, mining and ranching interests. • The United States Interferes • U.S. interventions in Latin America (21 separate interventions between 1890 and 1912) • Building the Panama Canal • Since Columbus, attempts have been made to shorten the distance around or through the Americas. There were a couple of choices for a canal through Latin America, but finally it was Panama that attracted investors. In 1903, the United States helped Panama to gain it’s independence from Columbia in exchange for a canal. In 1904 construction started, and wasn’t completed until 1914.

16. Argentina 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected • Chile 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels • Haiti 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated • Nicaragua 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields • Panama 1895 Naval, troops Marines land in Colombian province • Nicaragua 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto • Cuba 1898- Naval, troops Seized from Spain, U.S. still holds Navy base at Guantanamo • Puerto Rico 1898- Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation continues • Nicaragua 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur • Nicaragua 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields • Honduras 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution • Dominican Republic 1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution • Cuba 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election • Nicaragua 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up • Honduras 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua • Panama 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest • Nicaragua 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto • Honduras 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war • Cuba 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana • Panama 1912 Troops Marines land during heated election • Honduras 1912 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests