Interpretation Gutenberg´s galaxy

2. Interpretation Gutenberg´s galaxy Ing. Jiří Šnajdar 2012

3. Under pressure of inner conflicts and nations´ migration comes in the year 476 to disintegration of Western Roman empire. In Europe comes to new division of labour, trade production is developing, comes to towns´ urbanisation, formation of society on national principles and formation of new power centres.

4. Informal McLuhan comments this break on his own - medially : Speeding up with help of wheel, road and papyrus in constantly more homogenous and uniform Roman area enabled to use potential of Roman technologies. But typography provided the road and wheel with far considerable speed and overcame orders of Roman world. Gutenberg´s uniform continual and infinitely repeated products enabled to transfer any kind of complicated space to simple, flat and rational space.

5. Together with significantly raised media speed accelerates also society progress in medieval Europe, from citizens arises bourgeoisie, pre-industrial production comes in useful, arise new social classes, expands also trade with overseas countries, comes to discovery journeys and beginning of colonialism. This produces new power relations and social stress, that results gradually in bourgeoisie revolution. We are on the threshold of new era.

6. Predecessors of periodical press : First written records in China, actadiurni, scribers in monasteries Written information for aristocracy and tradesmen – information as goods Written newspapers of town patriciate and tradesmen, first recorded are from Fugger´s bank house in  Augsburg

7. Transportation system – enclosures to private letters, foot-couriers, post as source of information and means of distribution. In Austria-Hungary and consequently in Bohemia started regular posts in 1527 in management of aristocratic family of Taxis.

8. Beginnings of commercial press : At the beginning of 15th century is in Europe circa 1000 presses From beginning of the 17th century started printers in the Netherlands, France, England publishing of popular books, songbooks, calendars.

9. Newe Zeitung – in 16th century begins to appear among press products also disposable prints (notifications, leaflet newspapers and newspaper leaflets). Mostly included news about war fights, natural phenomenon, accidents, executions, overseas discoveries etc. Are assigned for wide public and issue during the whole 17th century.

10. Beginning of periodical press Relation in 1605 in Strasbourg first newspaper with weekly periodicity From the second half of 17th century issue first journals – in England The Daily Courant, in Germany Einkommende Zeitung, from beginning of the 18th century issue first magazines - D. Defoe issues The Review and J Swift The Examiner.

11. Beginning of the 18th century – commercial periodical press (conditions for its formation – news correspondence for private customers, state administration, post, fairs, about the year 1700 issue 1st newspapers in Northern America in Boston.

12. First newspapers: quarto format A4 extent 4-8 pages front page decorated with engravings edition 250 – 400 pieces, propagation by reading newspapers were prepaid, local, weekly

13. mainly political, diplomatic and army events information from far, local news did not exist simple groups of news without further segmentation according to importance or themes factual neutral news without further editorial

14. In Bohemia: first leaflet : Jindřichohradecké noviny (Noviny léta Božieho 1495),Newspapers God Summer 1495 from year 1495 16th century : leaflets with different themes : wartime, travelogue, sensations, politics, Bílá hora, White Mountain 1620 – repercussion in so called municipal state, periodical press in German.

15.  In our country – in Czech crown – part of Habsburg monarchy, is after White Mountain in the year 1618 complicated progression and the country as a whole passed through hard epoch : counterreformation efforts and germanisation, exit of Czech intellectual elite in emigration, gradual German dominance in all parts of social life. It is presented that in the Czech crown countries was retardation against advanced Europe up to 100 years.

16. 1686 - 1687 Ordinari postzeitung (German) 1719 -1772 first Czech periodical newspapers Prague newspaper The Mail - Karel František Rosenmüller 1785 takes the concession Jan Ferdinand from Schönfeld 1786 se becomes the editor of Schönfeld newspaper V. M. Kramerius  1789 Kramerius starts his own newspapers – Krameriusovy c. k. patriotic newspaper From 1848 start issue magazines

17. Print technique, Polygraphy: Manual graphic techniques Wood print Wood engraving, copperplate, lino cut, lithography Nature of typography device are movable letters Mechanical hot composition - linotype

18. 1904 offset printing Basic print techniques – typographic, planography, intaglio printing Computer (cold) composition Printer as computer´s peripheral