Presentation Transcript

1. The Award of Berwick 17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision Edward chose John Balliol This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol
2. The Reaction of the Bruce‘s The Bruce family were: Angry Would not accept Balliol as King Determined to continue their claim Robert Bruce of Annandale ‘The Competitor’ Robert Bruce Earl of Carrick Bruce ‘the competitor’ handed over his claim to his son Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick Robert Bruce (later to become Robert I - Robert the Bruce) The Earl of Carrick also had a son Robert Bruce who was eager for the family to succeed
3. John Balliol’s coronation Took place at Scone St Andrews Day (30 Nov 1292) Balliol sat on the Stone of Destiny List of Balliol’s ancestors was read out
4. 26 Dec 1292 2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I During the ceremony Balliol: Knelt in front of Edward I Promised to obey Edward Accepted Edward as his overlord Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely
5. My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England. Balliol was to become a puppet King Collect a worksheet from your teacher

6. The Reign of King John Balliol

   1292-1296
7. King John Balliol – A bad King? Chosen because Edward 1st saw him as weak & Easy to manipulate He had the better legal claim to the throne His subsequent performance had little to do with the reason why he became king? Explain in detail why John had the better legal claim
8. Edwards Interference Edward demanded all claimants accepted him as overlord of Scotland The agreement is known as the “Award of Norham” 12th June 1291 – all had signed the agreement Explain why the “Award of Norham” was so important (p15 of textbook) What did the Scots think would happen when the new King was crowned?
9. Johns Problems Inexperienced as a politician The administration system needed a strong hand to make sure Royal authority was recognised Many powerful nobles who thought that John had been the wrong choice Collect a worksheet from your teacher
10. Issues with Edward Edward reminded John to be a fair & Just King or he would face interference from Edward A burgess of Berwick The Macduff Case Using the textbook: Give a description of the above cases that were taken to Edward’s court
11. War With France It was the Prospect of war that caused Rebellion Edward demanded all his feudal lords to send knights/soldiers to fight in France The assumption that Scotland was just another big estate of England was bad enough But the assumption that the scots were to fight against the French their biggest trading partner was worse Added to this was Edwards demands for taxes from the Scottish nobility to pay for the war
12. Rebellion 1295 24th Feb 1296 A treaty against Edward was signed It included a marriage deal: Edward Balliol should marry the eldest daughter of Charles, Count of Valois & Anjou (Brother of French King) 12 Guardians were appointed by the Community of the Realm to defy Edward They sent envoys to the King of France Did the Scottish nobles get fed up with the humiliating reign of King John? It is more likely that the new king had at last found supporters he needed to stand up to Edward
13. Edwards Invasion of Scotland It was confidence based on nothing, in fact the scots had very little real experience A direct response to the refusal of the Scots to assemble for military duty Scottish Nobles began assembling their forces at Berwick 10,000 men Most were levies There was a solid fighting core of nobles and their trained retainers Army's Confidence was High There is evidence that Edward was already planning the invasion
14. Source B: “A great quantity of booty was seized and no fewer than 15,000 of both sexes perished, some by sword, others by fire in the space of a day and a half, and the survivors, including even the little children were sent into permanent exile (Chronicle of Lanercost) “Corpses were dumped in huge numbers in the sea.” (Modern Historian) Siege of Berwick “Even a woman giving birth was hacked to pieces during her labour.” (Modern Historian) 12th March 1296 Scotland England About 30,000 infantry 5,000 cavalry About 10,000 infantry 500 cavalry Source A: “When the city was taken they killed more than 8,000 of the enemy. The women of the city were sent away to their people after some days and went in peace” (Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough) Strength Sir William Douglas Robert de Clifford Leaders Light 10,000 Civilians & Soldiers Losses “none within the town shall be spared” How Useful is Source A when investigating the Siege of Berwick
15. Battle of Dunbar 27th April 1296 The Earl of Dunbarhad made peace with Edward at Berwick and had handed over the keys of the castle, but his wife was a Comyn and she handed the Castle over to the scots when her husband was away
16. Edwards March North By July Edward had reached Elgin 10th July 1296 – John forced to apologise publically & the royal badge was ripped symbolically from his surcoat. It was made clear to all that John was no longer King John Fled to Montrose but surrendered on 2nd July 1296 Scone Montrose Dunbar Stirling Stirling Castle was abandoned by defenders Berwick
17. Activity Why was Scotland defeated so easily in 1296? Include: Battles, Sieges march north, failure of leadership, loss of morale What Happened to King John following his surrender? Surrender ceremony, house arrest & where he died Answer in full sentences and in as much detail as you can, these answers will be used as part of your notes and for revision
18. The Ragman’s Roll His tabard is torn and his Sceptre broken Everything that showed Scotland as a separate nation was taken down to England On 28 August, 1296, Edward held a "parliament" at Berwick. All the prominent Scottish landowners, churchmen and burgesses were summoned to swear allegiance to Edward and sign the parchments and affix their seals
19. “Toom Tabard” – is this really John Balliol’s legacy Traditional New Clearly had problems, but even In his short reign he managed to summon annual parliaments He appointed his own Justicars, 3 new sheriffs and he silencedthe Bruce factionand kept the powerful Comyns Happy From 1309 onwards the general trend has been to blame John for his failure to stand up to Edward He was held in such poor esteem that no Scottish king would ever bear the name John Activity 1 on page 30 of textbook It is clear he was not a strong king, but could any other king have managed any better?