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AGE OF EXPLORATION

AGE OF EXPLORATION. Timeline. 1271-95 Marco Polo in China 1405 Cheng Ho begins expeditions 1432 Portuguese discover Azores 1453 Fall of Constantinople changes spice trade 1492 Columbus “discovers” New World 1498 Da Gama rounds Africa and reaches India

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AGE OF EXPLORATION

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  1. AGE OF EXPLORATION

  2. Timeline • 1271-95 Marco Polo in China • 1405 Cheng Ho begins expeditions • 1432 Portuguese discover Azores • 1453 Fall of Constantinople changes spice trade • 1492 Columbus “discovers” New World • 1498 Da Gama rounds Africa and reaches India • 1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation of globe • 1577 Drake circumnavigates globe

  3. Marco Polo1254-1324 • Father is a Venetian merchant • invited east to visit the Great Khan • asked to return to Europe and request “100 learned men to teach about Christianity” • given support by Khan so they can return quickly • takes 3 years to get home to Italy • returns to east with Marco, age 17.

  4. Marco Polo1254-1324 • Not first travelers, but they make “Cathay” better known • Marco is appointed to Khan’s court - speaks many languages • learns of many different things • asbestos, coal, paper money, imperial postal service • his story is well known only because Marco is captured in a war with Genoa • did he actually go to China? Kublai Khan

  5. China • Expansion of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Cheng Ho or Zhang-je • eunuch • becomes trusted confidant of the Emperor • directed to head navy • purpose of European exploration at this time • China sends navy to publicize power of Ming China • leads seven trips from 1405-1453.

  6. huge fleet travels very far - 30 countries send envoys • best technology of time - compass, rudders, maps • each fleet has over 200 vessels • crew of more than 28,000 • largest ship dwarfs size of Columbus.

  7. Technology • problem that exists - where are we? • development of compass, astrolabe, traverse • how are ships built?

  8. New ship designs - hulls and sails

  9. Portugal • First expansion is capturing Cueta in 1415 • Expansion had much to do with the practices of one of its leaders Henry the Navigator • 1394-1460 - rules • created a school for navigators: navigation, astronomy, map making • increased Portuguese maps, encouraged exploration, slave trade, sharing knowledge, and led to sea trade route to Asia.

  10. Portugal • Attempts to gain access to spices of the east prompt continued attempts to get there by sea • Vasco da Gama • rounds cape of Good Hope • stops and trades in Muslim cities on east coast of Africa • gets to India in 1498 • significant because signals start of European expansion into east Asia and decline of Islamic states.

  11. Da Gama’s Journey 1497-98

  12. Spain • 1492 is a big year • unification of Spain • expulsion of Jews and Moors • Columbus “discovers” New World.

  13. Columbus1451-1506 • Lands in western hemispherein 1492 • thought he landed in Asia • takes four voyages, all centering on the Caribbean • significant because his contact with the new world opens the door to extensive contact between hemispheres • leads to Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.

  14. Hernan Cortez • One of the first of the conquistadors • these are private adventurers that take over land in the name of the king • promising land and money to European soldiers • conquers Aztecs in 1522 • how? Only has 300 soldiers!

  15. Montezuma (Mohtecuhzoma) • Ruled the Aztec Empire until conquered by Cortez • slaves for religion - warfare for economic reasons • Triple Alliance with Tlacopan and Texcoco • hygiene, aqueducts and trade networks • signs and portends, reaction to Cortez.

  16. Francisco Pizarro1474-1541 • 1530, the third of his expeditions, Pizarro reaches northern border of Empire • discovers smallpox has caused a civil war • captures the surviving claimant to the throne, Atahualpa and demands a ransom • 13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000 of silver! • Executes Atahualpa and puts a puppet regime in place • political intrigue and Spanish unrest - assassination.

  17. England • Spanish wealth resulted in the growth of jealousy and fear • English “gentlemen-adventurers” undertake to outfit ships and prey upon Spanish shipping • Francis Drake becomes the best known • raids Spanish shipping in Caribbean and also in Pacific • circles globe to escape Spanish retribution • knighted by Queen Elizabeth for his actions.

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