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SOLE

Presented by MingJane Wu Carlos Ayala Nick Gasnier Tesfa Mael Elana Mayer. SOLE. Demographic facts about SLO County. Population is about 240,000 people Main economic background: agriculture, tourism, recreation, state institutions One of the least affordable housing markets in the nation.

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SOLE

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  1. Presented by MingJane Wu Carlos Ayala Nick Gasnier Tesfa Mael Elana Mayer SOLE

  2. Demographic facts about SLO County • Population is about 240,000 people • Main economic background: agriculture, tourism, recreation, state institutions • One of the least affordable housing markets in the nation http://www.co.slo.ca.us/SLOCo_InterPortal.nsf/index.htm?OpenForm

  3. General Outline • Combined solar energy and hydrogen technologies • Solar • Residential • Commercial • Hydrogen • Methane • Algae

  4. Photo-Voltaic Power Generation for San Luis Obispo County Residences

  5. Integration of PV with Traditional Electric Utility Companies • Solar generation systems sold and maintained by traditional electric utility companies • As opposed to pure stand-alone “off the grid” type of PV systems which fundamentally conflict with electric company’s monetary interests • Most people have little qualms with paying bills to utility companies. Why not electric utility companies sell all PV generation equipment and maintenance services?

  6. Residential roof solar panels • Residential houses and condos come standard with stand alone solar power generation systems (just as they come standard with central heat and air conditioning) • Fixed use of roof solar panels

  7. Residential Electricity Demands • Average monthly residential household electricity demands in kilo-watt hours: • 278-750kwr per residence • At ~93,000 residences (year 2000 census): 25854–69750 Megawatt hours or 25.8–69.8 Gigawatt hours

  8. Years from inception Price,$/Kwh 5 $0.1826/Kwh 10 $0.0913/Kwh 15 $0.0609/Kwh 20 $0.0457/Kwh 25 $0.0365/Kwh 30 $0.0304/Kwh Price per Kwh Solar Power • Price for solar generated electricity decreases with time from inception

  9. Breakdown for SLO County Residential Power Consumption City %Population %Kwh San Luis Obispo 19.5% 15% Paso Robles 16.0% 22% Atascadero 12.5% 14% Arroyo Grande 7.0% 7% Los Osos 6.0% 6% Grover 5.5% 5% Nipomo 5.0% 6% Morro Bay 4.5% 4% Pismo 3.5% 3%

  10. Net Metering • New utility agreement where customers return electric power to utility companies during periods of low use • With net metering, the customer's electric meter will run backward when the solar electric system produces more power than is needed for the home’s immediate needs. • Eliminates need for expensive batteries • Increases the value of the electricity produced by PV generation and allows customers to "bank" their energy

  11. Problems with Net Metering • Infrastructure to return electric power to “the grid” not set up • Problem arises if everyone in a local area is using net metering. Where will excess electricity go during times when everyone is generating more than they need?

  12. Photo-Voltaic Power Generation for Commercial San Luis Obispo County

  13. Solar Hot Water in San Luis Obispo • Hot water represents the second largest energy consumer in America Households. • 80 gallon/family four consumes 150Million BTU’s in seven year life time. (1 barrel(42 gallons) of crude oil =5.8 Million Btu) • Costs $4,000 (at US$0.09 per KWh)

  14. Overview • Solar Hot Water System types. • Passive • Open-loop re-circulation • Close-loop heat exchange • Close-loop drain back • Cost • Benefits • Economics • Air quality

  15. Solar Water Heating

  16. Large Scale Solar Thermal Systems

  17. Components of a solar Water Heating System • Collector • Storage Tank • Pumps • Controllers • Heat exchangers

  18. Passive Solar Water Heating Systems

  19. Open Loop Re-circulation System

  20. Closed Loop Heat Exchange

  21. Closed loop Drain-back

  22. Cost • Residential systems cost range $2000+ to < $5000… average $3000 to $3500 • Commercial system cost -variable dependent on size and recovery parameters

  23. Economic Development Benefits (55%)*(80 gallons/day-four people)(44,174people/4)*($4,000/seven-years)*(1/7year)*(1year/12months)= 23138761monthly • Money saved is kept in our community • (after the first 7-years), Monthly $23 million saved by SLO families. • Increased property values for SLO homeowners and businesses. • Creates jobs in a variety of sectors.

  24. Fossil Fuel Emission Levels - Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000 Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457 Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591 Particulates 7 84 2,744 Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016 Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998

  25. Air Quality Benefits • Pollution-free water heating • 0.553 million tons of pollution avoided by using solar energy in place of electricity and natural gas water heater • Above figures based on 55% of 80gal. Per day load at 120 degrees

  26. Air Quality Benefits • One solar water heating system (average cost $3000) • The average solar swimming pool heating system avoids the production of 10,000 pounds of emissions. • A neighborhood of 500 homes heating water with solar in place of natural gas would avoid 300 tons of emissions annually.

  27. Bottom Line • Development of a strong solar water heating industry in San Luis Obispo benefits SLO’s families, SLO’s environment and SLO’s economy. • SLO should take advantage of it’s greatest resource, the sun.

  28. Manure to Hydrogen

  29. Methane Source: Human Waste • 10,000 treated dry tons produced in SLO county yearly1 • Currently used as farm fertilizers • Potential health hazards from use • Unknown levels of pathogens • Family in Robesonia, PA sues state after son dies of staph infection2 • Heavy metal hazards • High concentrations of hazardous chemicals • Home use of cleaners, pesticides, etc. higher than farms per acre 1. “Treated Sewage Sludge/Biosolids and its Application to Land in San Luis Obispo County,” San Luis Obispo County Public Health Department 2. ”Sewage Fertilizer Under Fire” www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/29/eveningnews

  30. Disadvantages of Methane • Burning still contributes significant problems • Gas needs to be purified • Potential for decreasing local air quality • CO2 produced still relatively high compared to other gases and renewable energy sources

  31. Possible solution:Methane to Hydrogen • Experimental plant in Renton, Washington • Uses molten carbonate fuel cells • Heats methane to produce 2H2 and CO2 • CO2 recirculated to produce carbonate • Carbonate recombined with H2 to produce electricity, H2O, CO2 and heat • Currently at 80% efficiency

  32. Methane to Hydrogen • Conversion to Hydrogen reduces CO2 emissions • Uses 10 million solute gallons to create 1MW • Using 1:8.31 dilution ratio: 1. “Methane Generation From Livestock Waste,” R. W. Hansen, Colorado State University Figure assumes that dry human solid waste can be approximated with chicken manure

  33. Drawbacks • Still produces potentially hazardous biosolids • Expensive • Molten carbonate fuel cells prone to break-down • Requires methane capture devices on water treatment tanks • Still experimental

  34. A piece of the Hydrogen economy Photobiological Hydrogen Production

  35. Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii • Specific Algae most linked with hydrogen • Discovered in 1999 by NREL and UC Berkeley scientists • Genetic alteration underway

  36. Inside the Algae • Grown in light with media containing sulfur • Placed in centrifuge and washed in media deprived of sulfur • Soaked in media lacking sulfur; will produce Hydrogen after 24-48 hours • Over 4 days production will decrease to zero, due to side effect of sulfur deprivation

  37. PS-I, PS-II • Sulfur deprivation slows the first step of photosynthesis (PS-II) ,where electrons are pulled from water to make oxygen. • No excess oxygen, save for respiration • Total lack of sulfur will result in less Hydrogen production! • Electrons drop to lower level, yielding energy for metabolic activities, then go to PS-I • PS-I leads to : ATP, cell growth, or Hydrogen production. But, no sulfur for ATP or growth.

  38. Electron Pathway for Hydrogen Production

  39. Continuous Growth Production

  40. Algal Hydrogen Start up Costs

  41. Production Operating Costs

  42. Design Configurations and Cost

  43. Results of Cost Analysis • Produces Hydrogen for 100 cars daily • Large initial investment does not warrant current output • Increased Hydrogen production from algae needed for sustainability

  44. Concluding Remarks • Mutation– antennae length • Photo-Bioreactor cost

  45. References • C. Elam, “IEA Agreement on the production and utilization of Hydrogen,” NREL, 2000 • W. Amos, “Update Cost Analysis of Photobiological Hydrogen Production,” NREL, January 2004 • www.nrel.gov/news/sorty_ideas.html

  46. Total Review • This plan for SLO county will take at least 10 years to mature. • Combines photo-voltaic systems with methane and algae hydrogen production. • Hydrogen can be used many different ways • The photo-voltaic systems will eventually break even. • The methane and algae recycle waste once thought not recyclable

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