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Ranjan Vaidya Dr. Michael Myers Dr. Lesley Gardner

The Design-Reality Gap: The impact of stakeholder strategies on IS implementation in developing countries (DC). Ranjan Vaidya Dr. Michael Myers Dr. Lesley Gardner. Agriculture Market. Overview. Introduction Theoretical Framework & Conceptual model Research Question Research Method

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Ranjan Vaidya Dr. Michael Myers Dr. Lesley Gardner

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  1. The Design-Reality Gap: The impact of stakeholder strategies on IS implementation in developing countries (DC) Ranjan Vaidya Dr. Michael Myers Dr. Lesley Gardner

  2. Agriculture Market

  3. Overview • Introduction • Theoretical Framework & Conceptual model • Research Question • Research Method • Case Analysis • Conclusions

  4. Introduction Failure of ICT projects is an important theme within the ISDC research stream (Avgerou, 2008)

  5. Introduction ‘Failure’ attributed to: Stakeholder issues (Bhatnagar, 2007; Krishna & Walsham, 2005; Kumar & Best, 2006; Walsham & Sahay, 2006; Lyytinen, 1988) Other issues such as Organizational culture and processes (Avgerou, 2008; Cecchini & Raina, 2004; Krishna & Walsham, 2005; Markus, 1983); Technology related issues (Madon, 1992; Stanforth, 2006); Infrastructural issues (Madon, Sahay, & Sudan, 2007; Ray & Mukherjee, 2007; Schware & Deane, 2003; Veeraraghavan, Yasodhar, & Toyama, 2009), etc.

  6. Theoretical Framework Stakeholder Theory provides a framework for studying: Who the stakeholders are? What their interests are? How do they achieve their interests? Frooman, 1999

  7. Theoretical Framework Frooman, 1999

  8. The third question i.e. how stakeholder achieve their interests (stakeholder strategies)has not received adequate attention from researchers (Bailur 2007, Frooman & Murrell 2005) Theoretical Framework

  9. Conceptual Model Resource Dependence Model of stakeholder strategies (Frooman, 1999)

  10. Resource Dependence Model of stakeholder strategies Source: Frooman, 1999

  11. Limitations • Unit of analysis is organization • Based on single construct of resource dependence (Frooman & Murrell, 2005) • Model is Parsimonious (Hendy, 2005)

  12. Current Study • Unit of analysis is individuals • Not based on resource dependence alone • Study focuses on studying impact of various strategies on IS implementation

  13. Research Question: How stakeholder strategies impact ICT4D projects in developing countries?

  14. Contributions • Strategies are a means for understanding complex implementation realities IS design & Implementation Stakeholder strategies Social reality • Attributes of strategies that negatively impact IS implementation

  15. Research Method • Qualitative Approach • Interpretive Case Study • 27 semi structured interview • Across 6 different market yards

  16. Research Method • 27 semi structured interview

  17. Case Study • State Agricultural Marketing Board, India • Government organization, established in 1972 • Agricultural marketing support to the farmers • Operates & manages over 200 yards • Initiated a computerization project in 2003

  18. Process of trade in Yard Farmer Entry Entry Slip Auction Auction Slip Weight Main Processes Weight Slip Process related documents Payment Payment Slip Service charge NOC

  19. Yard Overall

  20. Yard Entry

  21. Entry Slip Issuance

  22. Auction

  23. Auction Data entry

  24. Weighing

  25. PP Office

  26. Government Office

  27. Case Analysis • Stakeholder Strategies: • Positive impact strategies • Negative impact strategies • Neutral impact strategies

  28. Farmer Strategies • Quality Manipulations • Signing multiple contracts “It is quite common here that the farmers do not respect their auctions contracts. If the prices increase they re-auction their commodity and don’t cancel their previous contracts…

  29. Trader Strategies • Weight Manipulations: • Under report weights • Adjustments of commodity bags “These electronic weights have not been able to control the manipulations by the traders. In weighing they do not correctly adjust the weight of the bag and they don’t give any reason for this...”

  30. Private partner Strategies • Misinterpret IS reports • Deploys untrained/ inadequate staff “Contractors in India usually have a tendency to minimise the expenditure irrespective of its impact on the quality. So that’s what happening here with the private partner. They are minimising their cost by staffing lower quality of staff and lesser number of employees.”

  31. Government employee strategies • Avoidance of tasks & responsibilities • Apathy towards juniors “See the mentality in India is such that even in marriages people prefer to have grooms that are in government service. They know that if he is in a government service he is bound to be paid till 62 years.” “So in India no one thinks about these matters. Our work is not even analyzed, forget about appreciation.”

  32. Impact of stakeholder strategies: Trust deficit Lack of sense of belonging Lack of sense of ownership Negative Impact Strategies IS Implementation Success

  33. Conclusion: • ICT4D is “primarily a design challenge” and inaccurate assessment of reality leads to its failure (Tongia and Subrahmanian, 2006) • Stakeholder strategies provide an effective means for understanding implementation realities. IS design & Implementation Stakeholder strategies Social reality

  34. Thanks

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