1 / 42

Wildlife as a Public Trust

Wildlife as a Public Trust. Chapter 22. American Game Policy. Aldo Leopold 1930 Public ownership of game lands Recognize private landowners as custodians of wildlife and should be provided compensation Bring user groups, landowners, and public together Training in wildlife biology Research.

louis-robbins
Télécharger la présentation

Wildlife as a Public Trust

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Wildlife as a Public Trust Chapter 22

  2. American Game Policy • Aldo Leopold 1930 • Public ownership of game lands • Recognize private landowners as custodians of wildlife and should be provided compensation • Bring user groups, landowners, and public together • Training in wildlife biology • Research

  3. American Game Policy • Provide funding for all wildlife from general public and hunters • 1930’s conflict • Hunting was free • Landowner should be compensated for the cost of enhancing game • Proposed public lands for hunting • Compensation to landowners • Set early seed for lease hunting

  4. American Game Policy • Was it successful? • Wildlife profession established • Collegiate training, professional societies, journals • TWS 1937 • Established funding sources • Duck stamp • Habitat management? • Not as successful • Wetland destruction, clean farming, burgeoning population, etc. • Anti-hunting sentiment increased • Watchable wildlife unforeseen popularity then

  5. American Game Policy • Redone in 1970’s by Durward Allen • Ecological perspective • Ecosystem services • Loss of species diversity effect on humans • Improve image of hunters • Environmental training for children

  6. Impetus for Wildlife Policy • Activist groups • NEPA (1969) and Silent Spring • Clearcutting in National Forests (1973) • Banning leg-hold traps in MA (1996) • Political fence-jumping • Changes in federal administration • Executive orders • Budgets

  7. State Agencies • By 1910 nearly every state had an agency responsible for wildlife management • Single commissioner • Names of state agencies vary • Fish, wildlife, game, natural resources, conservation, marine, environment(al) • 1930’s multi-member commissioners model • Promoted by International Association of Game, Fish, and Conservation Commissioners • NC Wildlife Resources Commissioners • 1970’s most states followed this model

  8. Wildlife Commissions • Ideally commissioners form policy and interact with state legislative and executive branches • Staff provides technical expertise • Separation can become burred • Must represent entire state • Listen to staff recommendations • 3-15 members, smaller is more effective

  9. Wildlife Commissions Pitfalls • Delve into routine admin matters • Provincialism • Repetition of past mistakes • Bounty, artificial feeding, stocking • Partisan political pressures

  10. Wildlife Agencies • Game • Fisheries • Nongame/endangered species • Law enforcement • I & E • NCWRC Conservation Education division

  11. Federal Agencies - Interior • USFWS • Migratory birds, refuges, hatcheries, endangered species, federal aid to states, international agreements, regional offices • USGS • Biological Resources Division (BRD) • Research functions • Coop Fish and Wildlife Research Units

  12. Federal Agencies - Interior • NPS • Research and management of national parks, Wild and Scenic Rivers • BLM • Western states, 55% of all federal lands, grazing, mining, timber, watersheds

  13. Federal Agencies - Agriculture • FS • National forests and grasslands, research and management, fire, regional experiment stations • NRCS • Soil surveys, water conservation, no research, habitat development on private lands

  14. Federal Agencies - Commerce • NMFS • Management and research on marine species, offshore development as part of NOAA

  15. Federal Agencies - Defense • ACoE • Dredging, stream stabilization, etc. on navigable waters and coastal wetlands, permits through Section 404 of the Clean Water Act

  16. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Roots to 1885 • Federal effort to determine status of bird populations • Bureau of Biological Survey (1896) • Research on birds and mammals in relation to agriculture, horticulture, and forestry • Enforcement w/ Lacey Act in 1900 • Ding Darling and duck stamp (1934) • 1934 $1, 1991 $15 • Managed refuge system began 1903 Pelican Island

  17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Transferred to DOI and renamed U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1940 • President Franklin Roosevelt added fish to the title

  18. National Biological Service • 1993 Bruce Babbitt formed National Biological Survey • Scientists from FWS, NPS, and BLM • Research, inventory, and monitoring • 1994 Congress -- Republican “revolution” • Reduce the size of government • Lead to abolish NBS • Compromise in 1996 • NBS moved to USGS and changed to Service

  19. National Biological Service • Transferred from FWS to USGS • All coop research units • Patuxent Research Center • Bird Banding Lab • Other Centers

  20. Wildlife Education • Ding Darling • Proposed Cooperative Research Units (1935) • Partnership between universities, USGS (before FWS), Wildlife Management Institute, and state management agencies • Federal employees on university campuses • 9 units in1935-36 • Fisheries added in 1962 • 1993 incorporated in NBS

  21. Policy and Law • Ideally policy and regulations are scientifically based • Buck only, to antlerless, to QDM • Proposed deer season modifications in NC? • Early teal seasons

  22. Enforcement • Effective enforcement depends on • Publics willingness and ability to comply • Protect hen bobwhites? hen pheasants? • ID waterfowl before shot? • Point system works after birds are shot • Similarity of appearance and endangered species • Risk and severity of punishment Guilty of game laws violation • Enforcement personnel • Establish a sense of ethics among sportsmen

  23. Policy • Sociopolitical climate must be considered • Doe harvests • Wars fought over trapping rights • Public’s interest in wildlife waxes and wanes • Low during wars, high 1930’s and 1960’s

  24. Legal Jurisdiction • Issues not confined to political boundaries • Whaling, air pollution, migratory birds, etc. • Constitutional clauses for federal jurisdiction over wildlife • Commerce (Article 1, Section 8) • State ownership of resident species • Can conserve wildlife within a state’s borders but cannot exclude use by citizens of another state • Treaty (Article 1, Section 10) • Federal government jurisdiction over migratory species through treaty and commerce clauses

  25. Legal Jurisdiction • Property (Article IV, Section 3) • Wildlife on federal lands is property of the government through property clause

  26. National Policies • Lacey Act (1900) • Prohibited transport of illegally killed game across state lines • Established federal role in all wildlife • Restoration Acts (1930’s) • Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act • Pittman-Robertson Act (PR) • Excise tax on sporting arms and ammo • Apportioned to states on 1:3 match • Research, land acquisition, construction, maintenance, hunter safety • Dingle-Johnson (DJ) fisheries (1950), Wallop-Breaux (1984) • Secured state license fees so they couldn’t be diverted for other uses

  27. National Policies • Land and Water • Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934) • Wildlife received equal treatment in water projects • Massive dislocations of water supplies must consider fish and wildlife values • Mitigation lands required • Wetland Loan Act (1961) • Loans to FWS to acquire wetlands

  28. National Policies • Wilderness Act (1964) • Maintain wilderness • “Man himself is a visitor who does not remain.” • Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968) • Established values of pristine landscapes • Hunting and fishing allowed, but habitat not managed to enhance them • Studies with minimal human impact

  29. National Policies • Land and Water Conservation Act (1964) • Land and Water Conservation Fund • Admission fees, surplus property sale, fine, excise tax on motorboat fuels, oil and gas lease appropriations from Congress • Acquire lands for parks, refuges, etc. • Redirected to build playgrounds in cities • Sikes Act (1960) • FWS to cooperate w/ DOD on military bases • Wildlife must be integral part of resource management

  30. National Policies • National Environmental Policy Act • Congress passed 1969, Nixon signed 1970 • Required all federal agencies to respond to environmental issues in the same way • Use all practical means to enhance and protect environmental quality • Feds became environmental trustee for the future • Established Council n Environmental Quality (CEQ) • Executive branch to advise president

  31. National Policies • National Environmental Policy Act • Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) • Major actions must include EIS • Discloses fully effects on environment • Proposes alternatives • Prior to EIS prepare environmental assessment (EA) • Can find “no significant impact”or require full blown EIS • Survey all species of wildlife

  32. Policies of Sentiment • Wild Free Roaming Horse and Burro Act (1971) • Protects from killing on public lands • Range damage still continues • Fund for Animals • “Adopt a Burro” program • Costly, save an overabundant population, but not World’s threatened equines

  33. Policies of Sentiment • Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges • Allowed on most • Multiple use or inviolate sanctuaries? • Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge • Established 1964 • Deer hunting stopped 1968, became overabundant • Proposed hunt 1973, restrained by law suit • Prepared EIS • Ruled hunting not inconsistent w/ mission • Hunting resumed in 1974

  34. Public and Professionals • Public’s view of management might not jibe with manager’s recommendations • Public servants, cater to “misguided” wants? • Managers face legal constraints • Courts decide • Some management options might not be acceptable to the public • Hunting in suburbia • Wildlife management is people management

  35. Attitudes Toward Wildlife • Ascriptive (demographic) • < 30 more naturalistic than than those >65 • Women more compassion for wildlife • People of color more negative and dominionistic attitudes toward wildlife • Socioeconomic • Less educated are more utilitarian, dominionistic, negativistic • College educated more naturalistic, ecological • Is education the key? • Less educated need to learn more about nature • More educated need to, learn more about hunting

  36. Attitudes Toward Wildlife • Geographic • Rural more utilitarian, less moralistic • Smaller towns most naturalistic • West more utilitarian, East more humanistic • Familial • Single more humanistic • Married more utilitarian

  37. Public Awareness • Willing to support endangered species and habitat preservation to a point • Prefer nonlethal control methods • Don’t appreciate costs of efficacy • Willing to pay taxes and entrance fees • But…. • 75% believe coyotes are endangered • 1/2 didn’t know spiders have 8 legs or insects lacked a backbone • 25-30% w/ college degree, 80% high school • Majority care more about individual animals that populations

  38. Canadian Wildlife Service • Dominion Wildlife Service (1947) • Canadian Wildlife Service (1971) • Field surveys of waterfowl • Countries cooperate under NA Waterfowl Management Plan • NA Bird Conservation Initiative

  39. Mexico • Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales • Natural resources as well as wildlife • Direcion General de Vida Silvestre

  40. Europe • Long regime of monarchs with privileges • Small countries with dense human populations • Few large areas with little impact • Hunting an individual privilege connected to land ownership • Private domain not public trust • “Gamekeepers” and harvest management

  41. Europe • Rigorous tests required • 0.4% Germans licensed hunters • Private hunting societies • Carefully controlled shooting plans • Penalties for poor performance • Function like state agency in USA • Highly intensive management • Resident species tightly protected • Migrants not so -- “take while the taking is good”

  42. Germany • Hunting districts -- revier • Privately owned • Trophies prized • Jaegermeister • Meat sold in public markets • Money goes to revier -- landowner • Intensive forest management and agriculture • Little wildlife habitat • Supplemental feeding and fencing typical • Predator control • Hunting in Germany

More Related