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Module 20 (7 th ) Module 21 (8 th ) Classical Conditioning

Module 20 (7 th ) Module 21 (8 th ) Classical Conditioning. LEARNING. That means this took place!!!. Can you???. Juggle?. Train your dog?. Ride a bike?. Drive stick shift?. Bake a cake?. Tie your shoe?. Three Types of Learning. 1. Classical Conditioning

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Module 20 (7 th ) Module 21 (8 th ) Classical Conditioning

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  1. Module 20 (7th) Module 21 (8th) Classical Conditioning

  2. LEARNING That means this took place!!! Can you???... Juggle? Train your dog? Ride a bike? Drive stick shift? Bake a cake? Tie your shoe?

  3. Three Types of Learning 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Observational Learning 1

  4. Definition Learning is arelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. We learn to: • Expect & prepares for significant events like food or pain (classical) • Repeat acts that bring good results or avoid acts that bring bad results (operant) • Watch others to learn new behaviors (observational) 2, 3

  5. What is Behaviorism? • the study of psychology should focus purely on observable behaviors and NOT unobservable thoughts. Psychological perspective that emphasizing the role of learning and experience in determining behavior. 4, 5

  6. John B. Watson • Founder of behaviorism • Astrict behaviorist believes that babies are tabula rasa (blank slate) • John Locke (nurture) 6, 7

  7. One way we learn… • ‘Learning by Association’ – people learn to associate a particular response with a particular stimulus. e.g. When asked a question(stimulus)in class you have learned to automatically put your hand up(response) 8

  8. Fixed Action Patterns • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4J_cF7l3Bw • Sequences of action triggered by biological factors which occur in a fixed systematic pattern behavior as a result of instincts 9

  9. Associative Learning • learning that two events occur together • Can you name all the songs in order on a CD… • “know” which one is next??? • What follows? • O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?.. • And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air 10

  10. Stimulus-Stimulus Learning Learning to associate one stimulus w/another. 11

  11. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov It all started with: • 1. studied digestive secretions • 2. stumbles on Classical Conditioning 12

  12. 3. Pavlov creates ideas of conditioning as a way of learning 4. His work became foundation for later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F. Skinner. 12

  13. Classical Conditioning 1. occurs when a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (an unconditioned stimulus) is paired with another stimulus that does not initially elicit this response. 2. Over time the second stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit the response as well. 13

  14. Classical Conditioning • An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it • a response and its consequences 14

  15. Terms in Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • The stimulus (change) that naturally triggers the unconditioned response (UCR) • The food in mouth will cause salivation 15

  16. Terms in Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus • salivation when food is in the mouth 15

  17. Terms in Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • originally neutral stimulus (NS) that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response 15

  18. Terms in Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Response (CR) • learned response to a previously neutral stimulus 15

  19. Conditions Necessary for Classical Conditioning 1. There must be a reflex action 2. UCS leads to UCR 3. The CS must precede the UCS 4. Repetition of the NS + UCS sequence leads to formation of the CS  CR 16

  20. Identifying Parts - Pavlov 1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Food 2. Unconditioned Response (UCR) Salivation 3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Bell 4. Conditioned Response (CR) Salivation 17

  21. Pavlov’s Experiments • Before conditioning food (Unconditioned Stimulus, UCS) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UCR). • The tone (neutral stimulus) does not. 18

  22. During conditioning, neutral stimulus (tone) and UCS (food) are paired resulting in salivation (UCR). • After conditioning neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus (CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response (CR) 18

  23. Food Salivationl Bell Bell Salivation

  24. Pavlov Visits “The Office”

  25. Pavlov spent his life outlining his ideas • He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. • acquisition • generalization • spontaneous recovery • discrimination • extinction 19

  26. Acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a UCS takes place. The CS needs to come half a second before the UCS to cause acquisition. 19

  27. Stimulus Generalization • A response can be generalized to other like stimuli 19

  28. Spontaneous Recovery After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS (tone) persists alone CR becomes extinct again. 19

  29. Stimulus Discrimination • the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS. 19

  30. Extinction When a UCS (food) does not follow a CS (tone) CR (salivation) starts to decrease and at some point goes extinct. 19

  31. 3 1 2 4 5 1. Acquisition: strength of response increases rapidly 2. Extinction: CR declines until extinguished 3.Rest period: time w/no CSspontaneous recovery occursweakened response (CR) 4. CS alonebehavior is extinguished 5. Another Rest Period: SR but even weaker 20

  32. Apiphobia – a fear of bees UCS (sting) UCR FEAR + association NS(bee) CR FEAR CS (bee) This can happen after one bad experience – ONE TRIAL LEARNING

  33. Little Albert • John Watson – Father of Behaviorism • Little Albert – 11 month old orphan • Showed him a white rat. No fear. • Made a loud noise. Albert cried. • Showed him a white rat then made a loud noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times. • Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone. 21

  34. Identify the Parts – Little Albert • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Loud noise • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Fear/crying • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • White rat • Conditioned Response (CR) • Fear/crying 22

  35. After Before

  36. Importanceof Pavlov’s Work 1. classical conditioning is a basic form of learning 2. CC is one way that all organisms adapt to their environment 3. process such as learning can be studied objectively 4. suggests scientific model 23

  37. Cognitive Processes • Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. • Cognition seen as unnecessary • No longer is true! 24

  38. Results of Robert Rescorla – Cognitive Processes 1. Animal learns an expectancy (an awareness of how likely the UCS will occur!) 2. shock always preceded by tone… 3. Then sometimes by light; animal will react with fear to the tone but NOT the light… 4. Although light followed by shock, it adds no new info 5. The more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response 25

  39. Higher-order Conditioning 1. CS + UCS UCR ( tone + food  salivation) 2. CS  CR (tone  salivation) 3. New CS + CS CR ( light + tone; stimuli association; 8-10 times) 4. New CS  CR ( light  salivation) 26

  40. Higher-Order Conditioning

  41. Classical Conditioning in Therapy • CC can ignore cognitionlimited success! • Therapy for alcoholism • Antabuseis mixed in the alcohol • CS – Alcohol  CR – nausea • UCS – antabuse UCR – nausea • What if person is aware that the drug is causing the nausea – • cognition!! • weakens association between alcohol feeling sick!!! 28

  42. John Garcia – Biological Predispositions • Dr. John Garcia discovered a process that is similar to Classical Conditioning. • It is called aversion conditioning. • Learning enables an organism to adapt to its environment 29

  43. Taste Aversion Conditioning • sometimes these responses happen because of a NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS) – one that normally doesn’t cause a reaction. • e.g. NS = burger. You may once have been sick after eating one. • you then ASSOCIATE the burger(NS) with the response (vomiting) • Next time you have a burger it makes you feel sick!! You have been Classically Conditioned 29

  44. John Garcia - Biological Predispositions 1. Challenged all associations learned equally well 2. Avoided drinking water in plastic bottles in radiation chamber 3. CC link water (CS) to the sickness (UCR) triggered by the radiation 4. Rats get particular taste, sound, or sight (CS) 5. Then gave radiation (UCS)sickness (UCR) 29

  45. John Garcia - Biological Predispositions John Garcia • Results - two important findings: • Garcia showed that duration between CS and US can be long (hours) conditioning • Biologically adaptive: CS (taste) led to conditioning and not others (light or sound). 29

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