Elena Mazurova Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK)

1. Russian leveling network and prospects for increasing its accuracy on the basis of chronometric measurements with atomic clocks Elena Mazurova Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) INTERNATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE Bern, Switzerland, March 19-23, 2018

2. General coordinate systems

3. Russian geocentric coordinate system PZ-77, PZ-85, PZ-90, PZ-90.02, PZ-90.11 ellipsoidparameters a = 6378136.5 f = 1 / 298.2564151 ellipsoidparameters GSK-2011 a = 6378136.0 f = 1 / 298.25784

4. Reference coordinate systems SK-42 & SK-95

5. Reference surfaces

6. The Kronstadt benchmark

7. The level of the 1824 flood

8. The scheme of polygons and individual lines

9. DENSITY OF RUSSIAN POPULATION 9 10 8 1 7 3 6 5 2 4

13. Siberian gas pipelines

16. Oymyakon

17. Oymyakon

20. The State Leveling Network polygons of the first and second class Data from Center of Geodesy , Cartography and IPD

21. Characteristics of polygons Now the state leveling network as a whole, including the I, II, III and IV classes, consists of more than 600,000 points of leveling reference frames.

22. The 1st class leveling along boundary

23. ARKHANGELSK

25. 1-st class leveling Н-05, Н-1 Ni-002

26. Invar rod has a temperature coefficient of expansion, equal to an average of (2 - 2.5) × 10E-6.

27. Leveling accuracy L is the length of the line or the perimeter of the polygon (in km)

28. Classical height equation is the gravity potential difference on the physical and reference surfaces (geopotential number), and the index (k) refers to the chosen height system.

29. Scheme of divergences in 1-st class polygons Data from Center of Geodesy , Cartography and IPD

30. Conclusion • 1. Note that the polygons of the 1-st class leveling are measured by a high-precision technique along two lines in the forward and backward directions. • 2. Precise gravimetric measurements are performed along the lines of 1-st and 2-nd classes leveling. • 3. Nevertheless, we have unacceptable discrepancies when closing polygons of a large perimeter. These discrepancies are transmitted to next polygons. • 4. To correct this situation, it is necessary to reduce perimeters by laying separate lines inside large polygons. However, it is not possible to fulfill always by reason of physical and geographical conditions. • 5. An extended height network, which starts from one benchmark, necessarily leads to accumulation of errors. The method of stringing one polygon to another, despite the control of measurements, leads to decimeter errors in height in the east of the country.

31. Future • 1. And here a big role can be played a chronometric leveling network in order to determine the potential difference between the Kronshdatsky benchmark and several stationary points combined with the points of a high-precision planned network, for example, the FAGS. • 2. Then the entire classical leveling network with respect to the chronometric leveling points can be re-equalized. • 3. A few words about determining the height of the • islands. The fastening of the islands to the mainland was carried out from waterfront or on the ice in winter. Chronometric leveling can also help in improving these results.

32. Possible scheme of chronometric leveling in Russia

33. Thank you for your attention Elena Mazurova e_mazurova@mail.ru INTERNATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE Bern, Switzerland, March 19-23, 2018