Chapter Nine

1. Chapter Nine Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories of Counseling

2. Theory A model that counselors use as a guide to hypothesize about the formation of possible solutions to a problem Counselors decide which theory to use on the basis of their educational backgroud, philosophy, and needs of clients

3. Theory Hansen, Stevic and Warner five requirements of a good theory Clear, easily understood, and communicable Comprehensive Explicit and heuristic Specific in relating means to desired outcomes Useful to its intended practitioners

4. Importance of Theory Theory impacts How communication is conceptualized, how interpersonal relationships develop, how professional ethics are implemented, how counselors view themselves as professionals

5. Six Functions of Theory Helps counselors find unity and relatedness within the diversity of existence Compels counselors to examine relationships they would otherwise overlook Gives counselors operational guidelines by which to work and helps them evaluate their development as professionals

6. Six Functions of Theory 4. Helps counselors focus on relevant data and tells them what to look for 5. Helps counselors assist clients in the effective modification for their behavior 6. Helps counselors evaluate both old and new approaches to the process of counseling

7. Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) A Viennese physician, developed psychoanalysis, a therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into unconscious emotional conflicts

8. View of Human Nature Dynamic Conscious mind, preconscious, unconscious Use of defense mechanisms to copy with anxiety, on the unconscious level

9. Psychoanalytic Stages of Development Oral Stage birth – 12-18 months- babies chief source of pleasure is mouth oriented activities, such as sucking and feeding Fixation-oral passive- dependent on others, oral gratification such as smoking, drinking; oral aggressive- bite things, verbally aggressive, sarcastic Anal Stage 12-18 months- 3 years- chief source of pleasure around anal region, toilet training Fixation-anal expulsive- sloppy, disorganized, cruel and destructive; anal retentive- clean, very stubborn, tight in all ways

10. Psychoanalytic Stages of Development Phallic 3-6 years – child becomes attached to parent of the other sex and later identifies with same sex parent (Oedipus and Electra complex) Fixation- difficulties in superego formation, sex role identity and sexuality

11. Psychoanalytic Stages of Development Latency 6-12 years – Time of relative calm, sexual instinct largely dormant and sublimated in school activity, they become socialized, develop skills, and learn more about themselves and society Genital 12 yrs through adulthood – Reemergence of sexual impulses of phallic stage, channeled into mature adult sexuality towards the opposite sex

12. Three parts to personality: Id: Pleasure Principle--demands immediate satisfaction, unconscious, born with id , infancy Ego: Reality Principle--can delay gratification, mental health requires a strong ego, develops during the first year of life Superego: development of conscience, moral or ethical province, ruled by the idealistic principle, develops at age 5 or 6

13. Psychoanalytic Theories Role of counselor – expert, talk using free association, working through unresolved issues, interprets for client Goals – become aware of unconscious aspects of personality, work through unresolved developmental stages, strengthening ego to help client cope

14. Psychoanalytic Techniques Free Association Dream Analysis Analysis of Transference Analysis of Resistance Interpretation

15. Psychoanalytic Theories Strengths- importance of sexuality and unconscious mind on behavior, empirical studies conducted, support for diagnostic instruments, stresses developmental stage growth Effective with clients with hysteria, narcissism, obsessive-compulsive reactions, character disorders, anxiety, phobias and sexual difficulties

16. Psychoanalytic Theories Limitations – time consuming and expensive, does not work well majority of clients, training limited to individuals with medical degrees, concepts not easily understood, deterministic, for individuals with major adjustment problems

17. Adlerian Theory Founders – Alfred Adler (1870-1937) founder, also known as Individual Psychology, Rudolph Driekurs and others helped to revitalize Individual psychology after Adler’s death

18. Adlerian Theory – View of Human Nature Motivated by social interest, being connected to society as a whole Conscious aspects of behavior central to development of personality People strive for perfection, inferiority complex, superiority complex

19. Adlerian Theory – View of Human Nature Emphasis on birth order, family constellation Style of life developed by age 5 Main tasks – society, work, sexuality

20. Adlerian Theory – Role of the Counselor Diagnosticians, teachers, and models of equalitarian relationships Uses family constellation, earliest memories, dreams Client encouraged to change faulty lifestyle Counselor active, assigns homework

21. Adlerian Theory - Goals Help client to develop healthy and holistic lifestyles Faulty lifestyle is self centered and based on mistaken goals, incorrect assumptions and feelings of inferiority Client ultimately decides to choose social interest or self interests

22. Adlerian Theory - Technqiues Counselors are warm, supportive, empathic, collaborative relationship Counselor analyzes client’s lifestyle through family constellation, early memories, dreams and priorities Counselor helps client develop insight with open ended questions

23. Adlerian Theory - Techniques Asking the question Acting as if Spitting in the client’s soup Task setting Push button

24. Adlerian Theory - Strengths Counselor encouragment and support Versitle over life span Useful in treating conduct disorders, antisocial disorders, anxiety disorders, some affective disorders, and personality disorders Used in different cultural contexts

25. Adlerian Theory - Limitations Lacks a research base Vague in terms Too optimistic about human nature Relies heavily on verbal, logic and insight YAVIS clients

26. Humanistic Theories Counseling, focuses on the potential of individuals to actively choose and purposely decide Counselors help individuals to increase self-understanding through their feelings Person centered, Existential, Gestalt

27. Person Centered Counseling Founder – Carl Rogers (1902-1987) , theory described in 1942 book Counseling and Psychotherapy

28. Person Centered- View of Human Nature People are essentially good, aware, inner directed, realistic, trustworthy Person is capable of finding a personal meaning and purpose in life; moving towards self actualization Phenomenological perspective

29. Person Centered – View of Human Nature Positive regard Conditional regard Ideal self and real self

30. Person Centered – Role of the Counselor Counselor’s role is holistic Promotes a climate in which the client is free and encouraged to explore self Counselor reflects client’s feelings, facilitator, patience Counselor is process expert, and expert learner of client

31. Person Centered - Goals client need assistance to learn how to cope with situations, focus on person client to become fully functioning Client is helped to identify, use and integrate his own resources and potential

32. Person Centered - Techniques Quality of relationship more important Empathy, Positive Regard, Congruence Active and passive listening, accurate reflection of thoughts and feelings, clarification, summarization, confrontation, open ended leads

33. Person Centered - Strengths Applicable to a wide range of human problems Research supported Effective Open relationship Positive view of human nature

34. Person Centered - Limitations Few instructions on how to establish relationship YAVIS clients needed Ignores diagnosis Deals with surface issues

35. Existential Counseling Founders – Rollo May and Viktor Frankl View of Human Nature- people form lives by choices they make Focus on freedom of choice, people as authors of their lives

36. Existential Counseling- View of Human Nature Meaning of life – ultimate meanings, meaning of the moment, day to day meaning Discover life’s meaning by doing a deed, by experiencing a value, or by suffering Psychopathology is failure to make meaningful choices, anxiety can be healthy

37. Existential Counseling – Role of the Counselor Counselors are authentic, enter deep and personal relationships Focus on person to person relationship Serve as a model to client, help client gain self understanding Focus on living in the present, ultimate human concerns

38. Existential Counseling Goals – helping clients realize importance of meaning, responsibility, awareness, freedom and potential Client is freed from observing events and becomes a shaper of meaningful personal activity

39. Existential Counseling - Techniques Fewer techniques- allow counselors to borrow from others Relationship with client Counselor is open, authenticity, honesty, spontaneity Use confrontation

40. Existential Counseling - Strengths Uniqueness of each individual Anxiety viewed as healthy Philosophical approach Stress human growth, connect individuals to universal problems Combined with other perspectives

41. Existential Counseling - Limitations Not a fully developed model of counseling Lacks educational and training programs Difficult to implement beyond individual level, lacks uniformity Closer to existential philosophy

42. Gestalt Therapy Founders- Frederick (Fritz) Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman helped to define more Gestalt psychology- perception of completeness and wholeness, gestalt means whole figure

43. Gestalt Therapy – View of Human Nature Human beings work for wholeness and completeness in life Self actualizing tendency emerges through interaction in environment, present focus Each person tries to integrate self into healthy, unified whole

44. Gestalt Therapy – View of Human Nature Overdependence on intellectual experience, inablity to resolve unfinished business, causes problems Focus on awareness, experiencing the now Client may lose contact with environment, overinvolved, unfinished business, become fragmented, conflict between top dog and underdog, difficulty with dichotomies of life

45. Gestalt Therapy – Role of the Counselor Create atmosphere that promotes growth Counselor is intensely and personally involved Exciting, energetic, fully human

46. Gestalt Therapy - Goals Emphasis on here and now, recognition of the immediacy of experience Focus on verbal and nonverbal Help resolve past to be integrated Completion of mentally growing up Emphasis action Now=experience=awareness=reality

47. Gestalt Therapy - Techniques Excercises- enactment of fantasies, role playing, psychodrama, dream work, empty chair, confrontation – what and how, making the rounds, I take responsibility, Exaggeration, May I feed you a sentence Experiments- not planned, grow out of interaction with counselor

48. Gestalt Therapy - Strengths Helps client incorporate and accept all aspects of life Resolve unfinished business Focus on doing rather than talking Flexible Appropriate for affective disorders, anxiety states, somatoform, adjustments

49. Gestalt Therapy - Limitations Lacks theoretical base Deals only with here and now Little use of diagnosis and testing Focus totally on individual self centeredness