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Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature

Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature. Taxonomy / Systematics / Classify. What are Taxonomy * and Systematics * ? What is a Phylogenetic Survey? What is Phylogeny * ? What is Ontogeny * ?. Basic Classification Hierarchy *. - DOMAIN - KINGDOM

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Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature

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  1. Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature

  2. Taxonomy / Systematics / Classify What are Taxonomy* and Systematics*? What is a Phylogenetic Survey? What is Phylogeny*? What is Ontogeny*?

  3. Basic Classification Hierarchy* - DOMAIN - KINGDOM - DIVISION or PHYLUM - CLASS - ORDER - FAMILY - GENUS - SPECIES (many levels can have sublevels: e.g. subfamily)

  4. Basic Classification Hierarchy - DOMAIN (Eukarya) - KINGDOM (Animalia) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (Chordata) - SUBPHYLUM (Vertebrata) - CLASS (Mammalia) - ORDER (Primate) - FAMILY (Hominidae) - GENUS (Homo) - SPECIES (Homo sapiens) (many levels can have sublevels: e.g. subfamily)

  5. Taxon / Taxa What is a TAXON* (pl. taxa)????? NO ABSOLUTE way to determine if something should be a genus, a family or a phylum Still there is much agreement as to what goes in a group such as GREEN ALGAE or FLOWERING PLANTS or BACTERIA

  6. Position in the Hierarchy There is no ABSOLUTE rank in a hierarchy! (No ABSOLUTE way to determine position in a hierarchy) Despite this most authorities are in general agreement how to organize species into higher taxa An example (using families) Solanaceae Sphecidae How might “experts” differ in the above examples?

  7. The Species The only taxon that has ‘biological reality’ Human Beings (a species) What is our scientific name? Species: Homo sapiens Linnaeus Genus: Homo Specific Epithet: sapiens Genus + Specific Epithet = Species Author Citation: Linnaeus

  8. Classify / Classification (I) GOAL: a natural* classification A Classification*: information storage and retrieval system What type of information to use? Everything and anything (morphology, anatomy, distribution, cytology, genetics, DNA homologies, behaviors, etc.)

  9. Classify / Classification (II) Why do we look down on classification activities and disciplines (taxonomy and systematics)? Why do classification schemes keep on changing? Why are taxonomy and systematics more important than ever?

  10. Nomenclature Naming things Why a system of Nomenclature*? Why scientific names? Why not just use common names? Binomial System Why latinized names? Very specific rules --- Why is this important? Rules (name endings, etc.) currently differ for plants vs. animals --- Why?

  11. Classification Hierarchy Revisited - ALL LIVING THINGS (= Storage Building) - DOMAIN (= a floor in the building) - KINGDOM (= large storage room) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (= file cabinet) - CLASS (= drawer) - ORDER (= large file folder) - FAMILY (= smaller folder in the large folder) - GENUS (= stapled packet) - SPECIES (= single page)

  12. Changing (?) Classifications I How many Kingdoms????? Two Three Five SixPlantae Protista* Monera ArchaebacteriaAnimalia Plantae Protista* Eubacteria Animalia Fungi Protista* Plantae Fungi Animalia Plantae Animalia What is the difference????? *Protista also known as Protoctista

  13. Changing (?) Classifications II

  14. Changing (?) Classifications III The three DOMAIN system: Not really that different Archaea are in one domain Bacteria are in the second domain All eukaryotes are in the third domain Kingdoms are the next subdivision below the domain

  15. The Protists An ‘unnatural’ group At the moment it is a ‘collect all’ (like a junk drawer) If it isn’t a plant, animal, fungus, archaean or bacterium, then it is aProtist In time, as we learn more, we will take things out of this group and then there may be more kingdoms, phyla, etc.

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