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Deeper Encoding

Deeper Encoding. And the Working Memory Model. Enriching Encoding. An application of Craik & Lockhart (1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other information you already know You remember “tea” because it is your favorite drink

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Deeper Encoding

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  1. Deeper Encoding And the Working Memory Model

  2. Enriching Encoding • An application of Craik & Lockhart (1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory • Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other information you already know • You remember “tea” because it is your favorite drink • Visual Imagery: Create a mental picture to represent the words • “One Sun” peg and link system

  3. “One Sun” Peg and Link System • First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” words: • 1=Sun 2=Shoe 3=Tree4=War 5=Hive 6=Sticks7=Heaven 8=Gate 9=Vine10=Hen 0=Hero

  4. “One Sun” Peg and Link System • Then, you “link” each word you want to remember to the appropriate peg by creating a vivid mental image • Example: if your first word is “bread”, you can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp by a giant, hot, yellow sun • Weird, exaggerated images are more memorable • Do the same for every item on the list

  5. “One Sun” Peg and Link System • Try it! To remind you, the peg words are: • 1=Sun 2=Shoe 3=Tree4=War 5=Hive 6=Sticks7=Heaven 8=Gate 9=Vine10=Hen 0=Hero • The stimulus words you should try to remember are: • Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, idea, clumsy, short, moon

  6. “One Sun” Peg and Link System • How many of the 10 words can you remember? • According to Paivio (1986), this works because imagery provides a second kind of memory code, and 2 codes are better than one • We can encode information visually (by images), acoustically (by sounds), and semantically (by meaning)

  7. Working Memory Model • Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Short Term Memory was too vague and inaccurate • Their Working Memory Model replaces STM with “working memory” • Combines the idea of STM with the mental processes that control the use of information • 4 main components: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer

  8. Central Executive • Makes decisions about what is important • Guides your attention • Can pull information from LTM • Supervises perception, thought, and action • See Rubenstein study in multitasking article

  9. Phonological Loop • Replays an audio copy of information in your mind • Can only hold a limited amount of information for a limited time • Similar to a tape recorder • “It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay (replay)”

  10. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad • Similar to the phonological loop, but for visual information • Temporary stores images and allows you to visualize moving/changing images • Example: a flip book is a series of still images that stay in your visuo-spatial sketchpad and allow you to see them together as one moving image • Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic Memory

  11. Episodic Buffer • Combines elements from the other 3 components • Allows you to put information together into recognizable events or patterns

  12. Case studies: Clive Wearing and HM • What specific parts of their memories work properly? • What specific parts of their memories are faulty?

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